Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Primary education

Ancient Greece: Core Characteristics

Political Structure

The Greek world was never politically unified. City-states (c/s) maintained their own governments and fiercely defended their independence, leading to endless rivalry and frequent wars.

Forms of Government

• Monarchy: Government where a king exercises central power.
• Aristocracy: Government ruled by noble leaders who were elected. Initially, the power of the king shifted to the noble class, who defended the king but eventually won power themselves.
• Oligarchy: Government ruled by a small, powerful elite. This group challenged landowning nobles for power and came to dominate the city-states.

Economy, Religion, and Society

• Economy: Based primarily on settlers and traders.
• Religion: Polytheistic, centered

The Early Republic and Federal Government

George Washington and the First Administration

• George Washington: As the first president, he was in charge of building a functioning government; he created the Departments of State, Treasury, and War.
• Supreme Court: Established with one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices.
• Policies: Focused on administering western territories.

Political Factions and National Union

• Federalists: Led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, they represented trade and manufacturing interests in the North.
• Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson, they represented agricultural interests in the South.
• National Union: The Constitution sought a balance between liberty and order.

International Conflict and the Monroe Doctrine

• War with

The Cult of Gloriana

Starting in 1578, royal physicians examined Queen Elizabeth I and concluded she was “beyond child-bearing age.” This assessment created significant anxiety for two primary reasons:

• Succession concerns: The uncertainty regarding a direct heir.
• Political threats: The presence of Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic claimant to the throne.

These personal and political challenges sparked a campaign to transform the Queen into a national icon—a sophisticated political device.

The Royal Progress as Propaganda

Beginning in 1578, the Royal Progress served as a primary mechanism for cultivating the Cult of Gloriana. During these journeys between palaces, the Queen was exhibited to the nation as a saintly, distant figure surrounded by...

Saudi Arabia Ends Diplomatic Relations with Qatar

A problem that is often debated nowadays is that of Saudi Arabia having announced the cessation of diplomatic relations with Qatar and closing the airspace to aircraft from that country. In addition, through a publication of its state news agency, Saudi Arabia has pointed out that this decision is necessary to protect the kingdom from the danger posed by "terrorism and extremism."

Evacuation Orders and Military Movements

On the one hand, Qatari citizens have fourteen days to leave Saudi Arabia after the rupture of diplomatic relations between the two countries. This decision has been made due to Qatar's alleged support for terrorist groups in Yemen and Syria, as highlighted by Al Arabiya. Saudi...

Assyrian Occupation and Rebellion

The Assyrian army conquered nations, torturing and exiling those who posed a threat. The Jews in the south prepared for an attack by building a water tunnel to bring water into Jerusalem.

Assyrian Conquest and Jewish Salvation

The Assyrians conquered the northern kingdom of Israel, exiling many of its people. The Jews in the south were saved from an attack by a plague that killed the Assyrian army.

Babylonian Exile

The Babylonians conquered Assyria and expanded their empire. The wealthy and skilled Jews were exiled to Babylonia.

Life in Babylonia

Despite the exile, the Jews maintained their faith and did not assimilate with the Babylonians.

Life in Judea vs. Babylonia

The Jews in Judea were poor, while those in Babylonia...

The 18th Century: Before the Revolutions

The American Revolution

The American Revolution served as a catalyst for the French Revolution. In 1776, American colonists declared their independence from Britain.

Absolutism in France

France functioned as an absolutist monarchy starting in the mid-17th century under Louis XIV. By 1774, Louis XVI ascended to the throne.

Absolute monarchy, or absolutism, meant that the monarch's power was unlimited, restricted only by divine or natural law. In this system, the monarch was the sole authority capable of altering their own powers. Because the monarch held their position by divine right, their privileges were absolute. They possessed the sovereign power to:

• Enact laws
• Levy taxes
• Administer justice
• Control the state

Constitution of the U.S=Jacob Shallus=1787
established americas national Gov. And fundamental laws, stronger federal Gov. (execu,legislati,judicicial)=checks+balances, bill of rights(freedom of speech and religion(1791 constituion)

Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of NC=1788
Union Goal=protect against foreign invasions, defend against intenral commotions+insurrections, promote agriculture, manufactures=flaws of sys

N.C General Assembly 'Act of Cutting a Navigable Canal=1790
Success took a lot of money+time, changes in intenral economy after War of 1812, waters used for navigation

Nathanial Macon democracy:William E. Dodd=1802-rich oppress poor
Repair of the Judiciary Act, Federalist=Hamilton:bank, army,<3Britain, indust
Democratic/Revpublican=...

Origins and Early Naval Missions

The Marine Corps was founded to serve as an infantry unit aboard naval vessels and was responsible for the security of the ship and its crew by conducting offensive and defensive combat during boarding actions and defending the ship's officers from mutiny. To the latter end, their quarters on ship were often strategically positioned between the officers' quarters and the rest of the vessel.

Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore. America's first amphibious assault landing occurred early in the Revolutionary War on 3 March 1776, as the Marines gained control of Fort Montague and Fort Nassau, a British ammunition depot and naval port in New Providence, the Bahamas.

Evolution of Combat

The Birth of the USSR

The New Regime: First Steps

The Council of People's Commissars issued a series of decrees aimed to satisfy the main demands of the masses and win their accession. These included:

• The decree on the end of the war proposed a peace without annexations or indemnities.
• The decree on land expropriated land without agricultural contracts.
• The decree on industrial factories put under the control of workers and employees.
• The decree on the nationalities declared the right of peoples to freely dispose of Russia.

In January 1918, the Constituent Assembly met. Soviet power and the dictatorship of the proletariat would become the pillars of Bolshevik Russia. Gradually, the opposition was silenced. In July 1918, the Congress of Soviets adopted...