Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

The American Civil War: Context and Key Facts (1861-1865)

The American Civil War was a four-year conflict spanning from 1861 to 1865.

Key Divisions and Economic Systems

• The conflict involved two primary sides: The North (The Union) and The South (The Confederate States of America).
• The Confederate States specifically mentioned here include Louisiana, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Texas.
• The Union economy was characterized by industrialization and modernization.
• The Confederacy was heavily dependent on agriculture, relying extensively on the use of slavery.
• The Southern major cash crop was cotton.
• The first military engagement was the Siege of Fort Sumter.

Political Figures and Reconstruction Amendments

• A major political figure was Abraham Lincoln,

Basque Government in Exile: The 1945 Mandate

This text was written by the Basque Government in 1945. It is a non-legal text due to the government's exile in France. The document articulates their primary interest: defeating Franco's regime and restoring democracy in Spain.

The Spanish Civil War and Regional Divisions

At the beginning of the Civil War, elections were held to choose the Spanish government. The results varied significantly across the provinces of the Basque Country:

• In some areas, the PNV (Basque Nationalist Party) won.
• In other places, Socialist parties were victorious.

Military Uprising and Basque Loyalties

Despite the democratic results, military forces opposed the outcome and launched a military uprising in favor of Franco and his...

The Democratic Sexenio

• Prim leader of revolution
• Development (Topete, Serrano faces the troops of Novaliches in Bridge of Alcolea. The queen take a train to France)

The glorious going to being a military uprising to a popular revolution

• Leader by Serrano -¿Monarchy or republic?
• Constitution of 1869: -National sovereignty -Universal suffrage -bicameral cuts -Strong rejection by republicans and catholics

• Public finances are worrying
• Tariff of 1869
• Long war of Cuba: - Shout of Yara
• Republicans sublevations: Federalism
• The king's search

• He disembark in catagena, he was a personal bet of prim, who dead.
• Problem: Long War, 3 Carlist War and Lack of Supports
• He dont

Basque Foruak: History and Abolition

With the arrival of liberalism to power and its ideas of equality and centralism, the Foruak (Basque old laws) were in danger. This threat led the Basque Country to side with the Carlists. Ultimately, after losses in the First and Second Carlist Wars, the Foruak were abolished in 1876. In their place, the Concierto Económico (Economic Agreement) was granted to the Basque people.

The Foral Regime: A Shared Sovereignty System

The Foral regime represented a system of shared sovereignty that endured from the Middle Ages into the contemporary era. Maintaining the Foruak was considered a significant privilege, as these unique laws were preserved exclusively within the Basque Country. These privileges included specific...

The Fall of Tsarist Russia

Item 7.

Causes of the Crisis

The Russo-Japanese War, fought over control of Korea and Manchuria, led to significant Russian losses, including the sinking of the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. Tsar Nicholas II was forced to sign an unfavorable peace treaty with Japan. These events, coupled with existing social and economic problems, sparked widespread riots and unrest in Russia. The privileged classes' desire to continue the war, the creation of the Duma, the legalization of political parties, high social tensions, growing protests, and an economic crisis all contributed to the revolutionary atmosphere.

The 1905 Revolution

Strikes and protests intensified across various regions. The crew of the Potemkin battleship revolted,...

The Franco Regime: Legal and Ideological Foundations

Law Courts and Social Change

As the first stage of this law undergoes a change, the regime attempted to provide women with an increased role in the country, both politically and socially. This was done so that, as explained in the previous laws, Spain could be accepted into the global economy.

Ideological Foundations of the Regime

Opposition to Political and Economic Liberalism

The Franco regime was totally opposed to political and economic liberalism, which proposed the separation of powers into three branches: the judicial, legislative, and executive. In contrast, power under Franco was maintained through the Basic Law of the State, which kept the structure open for two more years until the...

Societal Impact and Military Dynamics

Hardship and Repression

The severe food shortages led to widespread hunger and the emergence of a black market. Bombings of cities further demoralized the civilian population. Rebel soldiers used extremely harsh repression to terrorize the enemy. The response in the Republican zone was also brutal, and the Government struggled to control it, generating huge disrepute among Western democracies. The Church suffered particularly harsh persecution. Additionally, various local hatreds emerged.

The Refugee Crisis

The refugee issue was a serious problem, particularly in the Republican zone. The first major refugee movement was caused by the Battle of Madrid and the Republican government's decision to move many people...

The Franco Regime: Political and Ideological Foundations (1939-1959)

Key Ideological and Political Developments

Institutional Pillars of the Franco Regime

• The Army: Defended the regime and its legal system. It held jurisdiction over political crimes through "councils of war." The Army shared Franco's ideology, characterized by anti-Communism, rejection of separatism, and a tough stance on public policy matters.
• The Falange: Advocated a synthesis of national patriotism and fascist authoritarianism. Franco took control of the party, and the Falange was subsequently diluted within the so-called National Movement.
• The Catholic Church: Represented a crucial element of legitimacy for the Franco regime. The Concordat of 1953 consolidated the Church's presence

Opposition Movements in Late Francoist Spain

→ These movements were born as an independent, democratic, unitary movement and boosted the labor struggle. While creating this new unionism, university student organizations appeared in opposition to the official Spanish University Union (SEU), which had compulsory membership. In 1956 the first incident occurred in Madrid, where a student was seriously injured. New social movements also emerged. The 1960s witnessed the first mass demonstrations in the streets and a dramatic increase in industrial disputes. The political opposition: In the 1960s the opposition to Franco was recomposed through the renewed activity of the old political parties and through the emergence of new groups on the left and...

Origin and Nature of the Franco Regime

The Franco regime was the political and social system established during the Spanish Civil War, stemming from the rebel forces' need for a unified command. It created a state structure parallel to the Republican administration but featured unparliamentary and undemocratic legislative and executive power. This framework was underpinned by a single-party political ideology: the Movimiento Nacional (National Movement).

The rebels unified under the command of General Francisco Franco. Until his death in 1975, Franco centralized power, initiating legislation through governments composed of ministers loyal to him. There was no representative parliament or constitution to limit his authority. Over time, a series...