Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Fascist Ideology

Fascism advocated for a totalitarian state that controlled all aspects of life. The state had complete oversight, eliminating individual freedom, equality, and rights, and rejecting the separation of powers. It supported a one-party dictatorship based on the principle of leadership. Fascism promoted a society founded on hierarchy, order, obedience, and authority. It was radically anti-communist and anti-capitalist, aiming for a national socialism that would eliminate class divisions. Aggressive nationalism, expansionism, and militarism were central tenets. Fascists were often racist, asserting the inferiority of people of color and the superiority of the Aryan race, which they believed had the right to subjugate other races....

Authoritarian right-wing movements exhibit several defining traits that shaped their rise and actions, particularly in the post-war Western world. These characteristics include:

• Rejection of the Bourgeois World

  After the war, the Western world experienced a pervasive feeling of individualism, speculation, defeat, and selfishness. To counter this, these movements advocated for corporate partnerships that rigidly divided social groups according to their work, a practice typical of the Middle Ages.

• Rejection of Liberal Policy

  They vehemently rejected parliamentary democracy and its institutions. It was considered too weak to halt social revolution. They also believed that liberalism and democracy were responsible for national defeat and decline.

• Suppression

The Origins and Escalation of World War II

The path to global conflict was paved by several aggressive actions. Japan invaded China while the League of Nations remained inactive. Italy invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1936 and intervened in the Spanish Civil War, yet Europe failed to react. Simultaneously, Hitler began dismantling the Treaty of Versailles by reinstating military service, rebuilding the army, and annexing Austria.

The Outbreak of War

Tensions culminated when England and France pledged support to Poland. Italy aligned with Germany, while Russia remained neutral, signing a secret treaty with Hitler to partition Poland. The war officially began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland.

German Domination: 1939–1941

Germany'...

The Rise of Nazi Germany

Post-World War I Germany and Economic Crisis

In Germany, in 1918, after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Weimar Republic was proclaimed. It had to assume the military defeat and the harsh peace terms imposed by the victors.

The economic situation was very difficult due to war debts and the heavy reparations Germany had to pay the victors. This provoked a crisis, leading to rampant inflation, the depreciation of the German mark, and the closure of small businesses, thus increasing unemployment.

The Rise of the Nazi Party and Hitler's Ascent

Adolf Hitler founded the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).

The difficult economic situation resulting from the Great Depression of 1929 and increasing social malaise...

The crisis of 1808. The War of Independence and the beginnings of the liberal revolution.
Charles IV succeeded his father, Charles III, in 1788. His reign was affected by the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789), but until then Spanish foreign policy had been marked by the alliance with France (Covenants family) but the revolution forced Spain to reconsider their attitude and after an initial phase neutral start a fight (1793) ending with the Peace of Basel in 1795. In 1796 it signed the first Treaty of San Ildefonso.Por which Spain adopted a policy of collaboration with France that led to the defeat of Trafalgar in 1805, which led to the collapse of Spain as a maritime power.

When Charles VI succeeded to the throne remained as prime...

Novel Tradition: 19th Century to 1936 Civil War

Features:

• Top-romantic, sensitive habits
• Risk of loss or change in habits
• Idealization of farm life and seafaring people
• Catholic religious influence
• Promotion of Basque writers

Txomin Aguirre

Priest, member of the Basque Academy, skilled in wordplay. Three works:

• Auñamendiak Flower (1898)
• Mises (1906): Fishing world, Arranondo habits, love stories
• Garoa (1912): Rural environment, literary resources, exemplary interviews

Post-War Novel

Difficult time, first issued abroad. Some authors did not follow literary norms.

Modern Novel

Basque newspaper narratives by Txillardegik, Leturia, and the coat of arms marked the beginning of the modern era.

Characteristics:

• Subjectivity: Visions of the world
• Fragmentation: Retention

Key Figures and Events of the Spanish Civil War

Popular Front: The name of the electoral coalitions that expressed a Marxist-Leninist and anti-fascist sensitivity, founded in 1930.

CEDA: Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights, an alliance of right-wing Catholic political parties founded in 1933.

Battle of the Ebro: The largest of all those fought in the Spanish Civil War, it took place in the channel beneath the valley of the Ebro and in the east of Zaragoza over five months in 1938.

Nombela Subject: A scandal of embezzlement of public funds denounced by Antonio Nombela, inspector of colonies, which accused the Radical Party.

Straperlo: A name derived from Strauss and Perel, entrepreneurs who tried to introduce rigged roulette casinos into Spain,...

Mastering Sentence Coordination and Subordination

Coordinating Conjunctions

These conjunctions link clauses of equal grammatical rank. They can be categorized as follows:

• Coupled: These conjunctions join elements with similar meanings. (e.g., and, or)
• Dilemmas: These conjunctions present alternatives. (e.g., either, or)
• Distributive: These conjunctions distribute elements across a sentence. They often involve correlative elements that play a syntactic role in their respective clauses. (e.g., some... others, here... there, both... and, now... now, as soon as... as)
• Adversative: These conjunctions express opposition or contrast.
  • Exclusive: The meanings are completely opposed. (e.g., "I studied, but I don't remember.")
  • Restrictive: The meanings are partially

Felipe González and the PSOE Government (1982-1996)

In the October 1982 elections, the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) won an absolute majority after a campaign that promised the change the country needed. Felipe González was elected President of the Government and remained in power for four consecutive terms.

• The absolute majority was renewed in the 1986 and 1989 elections.
• In 1993, the PSOE lost its absolute majority and had to seek support from other parties to govern.

Economic Modernization and Industrial Conversion

The new government implemented a broad program of reforms aimed at social change and economic adaptation. Industrial conversion was a crucial process designed to adapt production processes to the requirements of the international...

The Spanish Civil War: Key Campaigns of 1936–1937

Foreign Intervention and the Start of Conflict

Already in the Battle of Madrid, German tanks and Italian troops opposed the Soviets. Foreign aid began flowing from both sides, managed immediately after the conflict started.

The Role of the Condor Legion and Italian Forces

In mid-November [1936], the first contingent of the Legion Condor arrived. This German air command body quickly established Nationalist superiority in air combat. Large numbers of Italian troops also began arriving.

Soviet Aid and Naval Blockades

The Republican government received Soviet aid, which it had to pay for using the state's gold reserves. This contribution was always hampered by Italian ships or submarines that succeeded...