Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Renaissance: A Cultural Rebirth

The Renaissance was a profound and complex transformation of human culture, impacting all aspects of life.

Origins of the Renaissance

• The rising importance of the bourgeoisie.
• Economic prosperity fostered a positive outlook on life.
• Intellectuals rediscovered classical Greek works and sought to emulate their themes, forms, and lifestyles.
• Five wealthy and powerful Italian city-states acted as patrons of the arts.
• Fifteenth-century Italian culture benefited from the works of three literary geniuses.
• The invention of printing.

Humanism

Humanism was an intellectual and cultural movement originating in 14th-century Italy that spread throughout Europe in the following centuries.

Characteristics of Humanism

• Study of classical

The Roaring Twenties in the United States

The Roaring Twenties in the United States, which met between 1922 and 1929, saw a dramatic growth in both industrial production and exports. This period first experienced a strong boost in new industries, including:

• Automobile industry
• Electric industries (electricity, phone, cinema)
• Manufacturing and appliances (refrigerators, radios)
• Chemical industry (oil refining, tires, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products)
• Aviation industry
• Development of new energy sources (electricity and oil)

The automobile industry became the symbol of new manufacturing times. Its production quadrupled, and it imposed mass production methods. We applied new methods of work rationalization (Taylorism) and standardized production chains...

Basque Nationalism

Throughout the nineteenth century, the successive defeats in the Carlist Wars affected the Basque Country. The Fueros were phased out in a complicated process, initiated by the Act of October 25, 1839, on Reform of the Basque Privileges, culminating in the Law of July 21, 1876, which resulted in the final settlement of the Regional Order.

Defending Basque privileges remained linked to the Carlist cause in the nineteenth century. The successive defeats of the absolutists led to the abolition of the charters in 1876. In Biscay, the bourgeoisie, enriched by the emerging Industrial Revolution, was not the social field in which Basque nationalism was born.

The Basque Nationalist Party, PNV (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea, EAJ), was founded...

The Regency of Maria Cristina

Upon the death of Ferdinand VII, the coronation of Elizabeth II was carried out. However, because she was a minor, her mother, Maria Cristina, exercised the regency. This period coincided with the start of the First Carlist War, leading the regent to seek support from the Liberals to maintain the future Queen Elizabeth II on the throne. To this end, she moved away from absolutism, although the ruler's idea was to carry out some administrative changes while essentially leaving the political system unchanged. She appointed Cea Bermudez, a moderate absolutist, as prime minister. His most notable work was carried out by Javier de Burgos, which involved the division of Spain into 49 provinces in 1833, placing a civil...

Introduction

The flagpole Regency period saw Maria Cristina, Cuba transition from a Spanish colony to a burgeoning metropolis. The Cuban question has several precedents: first, the independence of the colonies was a difficult process between 1808 and 1824, leading to the independence of almost all Spanish colonies, isolating them from the metropolis. This independence had the following reasons:

• Internal: The War of Independence and the policies of Charles III.
• External: The politics of Britain, U.S. independence, and the "Monroe Doctrine."

Key players included Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin. Bolivar's phases were:

• 1810-1816: Early independence movement, taking advantage of Spain's weak position.
• 1810-1820: Insurrections led by San Martin and

Sex and Gender in the Ancient World - Final Exam

Homer— patriarchal society: men hold positions of power and influence, the Iliad focuses on the actions of male warriors, leaders, gods, highlighting the dominance of men in both the mortal and divine realms. Glorifies the virtues associated with masculinity (bravery, physical strength, bravery in battle). The heroism of characters like Achilles and Hector is deeply tied to their adherence to a warrior code that values martial prowess and honor. Women were portrayed in domestic roles. Responsible for activities like weaving and managing the household. The women: Helen and Andromache, have limited agency in the public sphere and are largely defined by their relationships with men. Despite not...

Long term WWII

1. The impact of WW I. War reparations were paid by Germany. This caused resentment which later contributed to the rise of Nazi extremism. 2. The rise of fascism and nationalism. There was a great fear of a similar revolution that could happen in their countries, after the Russian revolution. Fascism, Communism and other authoritarian solutions were considered a good solution for those who feared the communist revolution. 3. Weakness of democracies. When Hitler began with his expansionism and rearmament, the democratic countries Britain and France considered avoiding a new war was their number one priority, so they didn't face Hitler with their military power. (appeasement policy). The League of Nations was completely ineffective....

Imperialism: Great War

The 'Great War' was a conflict between the 'Great Powers' of Europe and their empires. The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined in 1914, Japan in 1914, and the USA in 1917. Key nations ruled vast empires, making the war global but centered in Europe. Imperial rivalries, such as France and Britain in North Africa, and Germany's annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, fueled tensions. Russia's colonial empire in Asia posed a threat to Britain and Japan, leading them to ally in WWI.

Imperialism/Industrialisation Rivalry

Rivalry over trade and markets drove all European powers to experience significant industrial growth. This growth led to military advancements, such as improved transport of troops and supplies through railways, iron, and

Spanish Industrialization Law of 1939

This document is a firsthand legal text, a law enacted to provide state support for the creation of industries of national interest. Authored by Franco in October 1939, it reflects the post-Civil War priorities of the Spanish state.

Published after the end of the Civil War, the law emerged from the state's recognition of the importance of industries, particularly those with wartime applications. The country's situation was dire, with widespread destruction of infrastructure and reduced agricultural and industrial output. The Northern Campaign highlighted the need for state control over key industries.

The Rationale Behind the Law

The law was driven by the realization that controlling industries, especially...

Text Commentary: The 1978 Spanish Constitution

This text is a legal document whose target readers are all Spanish citizens. The authors are the representatives of the UCD, the Socialists, the Communists, the right-wing parties, and the autonomous regions. It was written in 1978. This constitution was approved in the courts on the 6th of December and finally published on the 29th of December.

The Transition to Democracy

After Franco's death, Arias Navarro continued as the head of the government, and the King wanted to break with the previous regime. Initially, the King didn't dismiss Arias Navarro but asked him to introduce some reforms. However, the reforms were rejected by the courts. In that complicated situation, Arias Navarro resigned, and...