Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for Baccalaureate

Lithosphere Dynamics: Creation and Destruction

Oceanic vs. Continental Lithosphere

In the oceanic lithosphere, processes involving creation at divergent boundaries and destruction at convergent boundaries (subduction zones) generally balance each other. In contrast, the continental lithosphere is typically older because its creation rate is faster than its destruction rate, and growth primarily occurs at divergent boundaries.

Consequences of Plate Tectonics

Climate and Living Things

The movement of tectonic plates varies the arrangement of continents and oceans. This variation determines local climates and the distribution of different climatic zones across the planet, significantly impacting living organisms.

Geological Processes

The movement of...

Empirismo y el origen de las ideas

Según el empirismo, debemos copiar todas nuestras ideas de nuestras impresiones y percepciones. Para construir un criterio de discriminación, Hume distingue entre ideas e impresiones, y explica que la asociación de ideas relaciona lo que mueve la imaginación, como la ley de la gravedad de Newton reduce la semejanza, la contigüidad y la causa y efecto.

Según el nominalismo, no existen ideas generales, sino únicamente ideas individuales que funcionan como términos generales.

Relaciones de ideas y cuestiones de hecho

Hume se inspira en la distinción de Leibniz entre dos clases de verdades: las verdades de razón y las verdades de hecho.

• Verdades de razón: son necesarias; su opuesto es imposible. Son tautologías

La poesía española de posguerra

^{La poesía de posguerra. Tras la guerra civil, surgieron poetas que buscaron responder a la tradición de la Generación del 27. Esta generación dio nombre a una revista escorial en 1940, en la que participaron poetas como Luis Rosales, Luis Felipe Vivanco, Leopoldo Panero y Dionisio Ridruejo. Cultivaron un tipo de poesía que se alineaba con la visión imperial y épica de los vencedores de la guerra.}

^{Sus características son: la temática cultural e imperialista, heroica, con amor y religiosos, y el uso de estrofas, metros y formas clásicas. En 1943 la revista Garcilaso fue dirigida por José García Nieto. La invocación al poeta renacentista justificaba la temática religiosa y el endecasílabo sonoro.}

Agribusiness

Destina manufactures human nutrition from the transformation of agricultural and livestock production.

Environmental Pollution

The natural alteration of environmental elements through foreign actions that exceed the limits of self-regulation and sports activities for human economic use, for example, the emission of atmospheric gases.

European Convergence

The process of gradual adaptation of the economies of the member states of the European Union to common legal frameworks.

Thermal Power Plant

Produces electricity from the combustion of motherland carbon or chemical products.

Sustainable Development

Action that consists of making economic development compatible with the preservation of the environment.

Industrial Decongestion

Measures and...

1. Concept of Natural Risk

Natural risk is defined as the probability that a population in a specific area will suffer damage or catastrophe due to a natural phenomenon. According to UNESCO, this represents the probability of losing human lives, property, or productive capacity due to natural or human-induced events.

Natural Hazards

Natural hazards are physical phenomena—geological, hydrological, or atmospheric—that affect areas at national, regional, or global levels. They are defined by the presence of endogenous or exogenous processes that can result in a catastrophe.

Risk Assessment and Classification

Risk assessment must consider the features of the natural process and the impact on the population. Risk levels are categorized as follows:...

The Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic

Municipal elections held on 12 April 1931 resulted in a decisive victory for the Republican parties in most large cities, including all regional and provincial capitals, as well as industrial zones. Alfonso XIII, advised by his ministers, abandoned Spain and went into exile. On 14 April 1931, the Second Republic was proclaimed in Madrid with widespread enthusiasm and without violence.

The Provisional Government

An interim government was formed, presided over by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, with personalities from the parties that had signed the Pact of San Sebastián.

On 28 June 1931, general elections were called for the Cortes Constituyentes (Constituent Cortes). Monarchist parties did not take part....

Plant Root, Stem, and Leaf Structure

The root is the plant part responsible for water uptake, mineral salts absorption, and fixation of the plant to the ground. In general, it is an underground organ. The root is divided into zones: the zone of growth, formed by primary meristem, whose tip is located under the root cap or pilorhiza; and the zone of branching, where lateral roots emerge.

The stem is the part that bears buds, formed from primary meristems. It is the area of union between the leaves and the stem, and it is located in meristematic tissue, from which the internodes and axillary buds will develop.

Internal Structure of Primary Growth

Epidermis

The epidermis is the outermost layer.

Vascular Cylinder

The vascular cylinder is formed by the...

Correcting Fluid - White. Instrucciones de uso: Ramona, a writer and journalist from Montserrat Red and Francisca Tarradellas (Barcelona, 1946-1991), presents three protagonists: Barcelonian gifts, a family (grandmother, sea and fire) who share the name Ramona, or "Mundta" for short.

They are framed in three distinct historical periods, through which we can appreciate the everyday social customs of Barcelona. The protagonists' lives are narrated through the development of history, so instead of chapters, the experiences of Mundta, the "grandmother," are often sequenced as stories, with the three Mundtas separated by one large white space. Their dietary commitment on 6/12/1894, Ambla's commitment to Francisco, and the death of a wealthy man on...

Direct tenure

Direct tenure: The regime of possession is the degree of dominion over the land. Direct tenure occurs when the farm owner and the operator are the same person. In Spain it is the predominant regime.

Indirect ownership scheme

Indirect ownership scheme: This means the owner grants the use of the land to another person in exchange for a percentage of the crop or payment of rent.

Irrigation blanket

Irrigation blanket: A synthetic fabric capable of absorbing 3 liters of water per square meter. It prevents rapid water loss, allowing plants to absorb water by capillary action. It slightly increases humidity and prevents the passage of waste into the hopper, acting as a filter. Its use is widespread at the professional level (plant production,...