Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

The Tertiary Sector

Services are primarily located in cities and developed countries.

Service Classification

• By recipient: People or companies.
• By financing: Public or private.

Economic Context

Tertiarized economy: A post-industrial society where the majority of wealth is generated by the tertiary sector, which also employs at least half of the workforce.

Social Welfare

• Social services: Key activities to ensure the welfare of people.
• Welfare state: A consistent set of policies implementing universal social services.

Trade Systems

Trading: The buying and selling of products and services.

Internal Trade

Occurs within the borders of one country:

• Wholesale: Selling large quantities of goods to small businesses.
• Retail: Selling through shops, markets, and supermarkets

Spanish Agricultural and Fishing Regions

Atlantic Agricultural Landscape

The Atlantic agricultural landscape occupies the northern peninsula. It includes Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and the Basque Country. These areas are characterized by wetlands and mountainous terrain where bovine farming predominates. The deciduous forest has largely been replaced by eucalyptus and pine plantations. Agriculture is less extensive, focusing on the cultivation of corn, potatoes, apples, and various fruit and vegetable products. The population resides in dispersed farmhouses, often called hamlets.

Mediterranean Agricultural Landscape

The Mediterranean agricultural landscape stretches along the entire coast, from the French border in Catalonia to the border with...

Understanding Prehistory

Prehistory is the period covering the initial part of the human past, characterized by the absence of written documents, relying instead on archaeological evidence.

The Paleolithic Era (Stone Age)

This period is defined by the use of stone tools. It is divided into two main phases:

Lower Paleolithic

• Lifestyle: Nomadic, seeking refuge in caves based on subsistence needs.
• Tools: Initially used wood, then developed the Acheulean hand axe, followed by crude knives and scrapers.
• Survival: Developed wooden fishing tools and hunting implements. Fire was obtained by rubbing stones together.
• Social Structure: Lived in disorganized hordes without formal leadership.

Upper Paleolithic

• Adaptation: Continued nomadism, but glaciations forced

Vocabulary

Trade Balance

Goods are the difference between the value of a country's exterior sales and purchases from other countries. When a country buys more than it sells, the trade balance is regarded as deficient. When it sells more than it buys, it has a surplus.

The balance of trade is an exchange between countries of both services and materials. A country whose imports exceed its exports, including financial services, is in deficit. Spain is considered to be in surplus in this respect.

Flows of Capital

Large amounts of money move around the world to fund loans, buy or sell companies, or invest in shares.

Information Flow

News and knowledge circulate quickly, allowing immediate diffusion thanks to new technologies such as the Internet and mobile...

The Modern Age

Timeframe:

• Start: Spain, 1492; Europe, 1453.
• End: Spain, 1808; Europe, 1789.

Common Characteristics

1. Economic and Social Changes: Significant shifts impacting Europe, America, and Asia.
2. Authoritarian Monarchy: The strengthening of monarchical power and political expansion.
3. Cultural and Religious Shifts: The Renaissance and religious reforms that transformed society.

Historical Importance of the Modern Age

The transition from the medieval to the modern concept is rooted in European historical experience. In the early 16th century, the Safavid dynasty rose in Persia. In the Far East, historical rhythms differed: China saw the Ming dynasty replaced by the Manchus in the 17th century, while Japan was governed by the Tokugawa shogunate until...

The tertiary sector

The tertiary sector is the economic sector that includes activities that do not produce material goods as in the primary and secondary sectors, but instead serve the population. The scheme of tertiary activities is classified below.

Classification of tertiary activities

• Social or supplementary services: services provided to people to cover their most basic needs, such as healthcare, education and justice.
• Trade and distribution: services that serve information, transport and the exchange of goods and people.
• Consumer service companies: enterprises that provide personal services directly to consumers.
• Other services: services provided to people that are not all considered basic, such as transport, research, communications, advertising,

Demographic and Economic Expansion

Demographic Factors of the 16th Century

Page 11, Exercise 1: Demographic factors explain the expansion of the 16th century through:

• The decline of epidemic crises.
• The labeling and cultivation of new lands.
• The century knew no great wars, along with the introduction of new American crops.

Mining and Steel Production Development

Exercise 3: This was due to the development of mining and steel production, driven by the needs for metals for the manufacture of firearms and boats for the oceans and overseas trade.

Economic Consequences of New Trade Routes

Exercise 4: What were the economic consequences of the opening of discoveries and new European trade routes? There was a slow decline in the importance of the Mediterranean...

World Capitals Directory

Europe

• Portugal: Lisbon
• Spain: Madrid
• France: Paris
• Switzerland: Bern
• Italy: Rome
• Slovenia: Ljubljana
• Croatia: Zagreb
• Bosnia-Herzegovina: Sarajevo
• Albania: Tirana
• Greece: Athens
• Bulgaria: Sofia
• Romania: Bucharest
• Moldova: Chisinau
• Hungary: Budapest
• Austria: Vienna
• Ukraine: Kyiv
• Russia: Moscow
• Slovakia: Bratislava
• Czech Republic: Prague
• Germany: Berlin
• Belgium: Brussels
• Netherlands: Amsterdam
• Ireland: Dublin
• United Kingdom: London
• Iceland: Reykjavik
• Norway: Oslo
• Denmark: Copenhagen
• Sweden: Stockholm
• Finland: Helsinki
• Estonia: Tallinn
• Latvia: Riga
• Lithuania: Vilnius
• Poland: Warsaw
• Belarus: Minsk
• Malta: Valletta
• Andorra: Andorra la Vella

Africa

• Angola: Luanda
• Algeria: Algiers
• Burundi: Bujumbura
• Cape Verde: Praia (Note: Original text mentioned 'beach')
• Cameroon:

Spain and the EU Common Agricultural Policy

Spain's integration into the European Community's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) spurred comprehensive efforts to modernize agricultural holdings. Initially, accession was considered highly beneficial because Spain became part of a vast single market in which to sell its products and was favored by trade agreements with other European Union member countries.

However, integration did not bring only advantages. Products from other EU countries entered the Spanish market, directly competing with domestic goods. Although Spain has received substantial financial assistance, the accession of new EU member states with significant agricultural sectors and lower levels of wealth has led to reductions in agricultural...

Global Agricultural Systems

Subsistence Agriculture

It is practiced in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and Iberoamerica. There are 2 types:

• Agricultural Fires or Roving Clearings

  Extensive cultivation using rudimentary tools. To prepare the land, vegetation is cleared and burned, and the ashes serve as fertilizer. The land is exhausted quickly, forcing farmers to move elsewhere.

• Itinerant Agriculture of Monsoon Asia

  A system based on the intensive cultivation of rice fields surrounded by small dikes and channels for water flooding. Several harvests are obtained per year.

Commercial Market Agriculture

This is practiced in developed or emerging countries such as Europe, North America, parts of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. There are 3 types:

1. Modern