Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Vocational training

Understanding the Future Tenses in English

This section clarifies the usage and structure of the main future tenses in English, along with common word transformations.

The Future Simple with 'Will'

We use 'will' to talk about:

• Decisions made at the time of speaking:
  "The window is open. I will close it."
• General Predictions:
  "It will rain next week."
  "You won't like it here."

Affirmative Form with 'Will'

Structure: Subject + will + base form of verb

• I / He / She / It / We / You / They will learn

Negative Form with 'Will'

Structure: Subject + will not (won't) + base form of verb

• I / He / She / It / We / You / They will not learn (or won't learn)

Question Form with 'Will'

Structure: Will + subject + base form of verb?

• Will I / He / She / It / We / You / They

Common English Irregular Verbs

This table provides a reference for common English irregular verbs, including their past tense, past participle, and Spanish translation.

Understanding how to form different types of questions is crucial for effective communication in English. This reference breaks down compound questions, questions with end prepositions, and indirect questions, providing clear examples and explanations.

Compound Questions: What, Which, Whose, How

Compound questions often use interrogative words like What, Which, Whose followed by a noun, or How followed by an adjective or adverb. These structures allow for more specific inquiries.

• Which café do you want to go to?
• How well do you know her?
• What/Which food are you going to take to the picnic?
• How surprised was he when he saw you at the station?
• Which/What airport are you flying into?
• How long have you known her?
• What time is it?
• Which/What sweater should

Relative Clauses Practice Exercises

Part 1: Combining Sentences

• The hotel was built by a billionaire. It was opened in 1998. (The hotel, which was built by a billionaire, was opened in 1998.)
• The bus is delayed. I don't know why. (I don't know why the bus is delayed.)
• Mrs. Byron is the sports teacher. She is very tall. (Mrs. Byron, who is the sports teacher, is very tall.)
• These are the jeans. I would like to borrow them! (These are the jeans which/that I would like to borrow.)
• This school bag has a broken handle. It's the one I've been using all term. (This school bag, which has a broken handle, is the one I've been using all term.)
• Do you want to go to that Mexican restaurant? We can dance there. (Do you want to go to that Mexican restaurant where/

Essential Phrasal Verbs

• To step in for somebody: Substitute
• To come up with: Elaborate
• To jump at: Seize an opportunity
• To take on: Assume
• To hang around: Spend time in a place
• To help out: Assist someone in a particular way
• To cheer somebody up: Become less sad
• End up: Finish in an improvised way
• To run out: Exhaust resources
• To settle in: Get used to something new
• To catch up with: Arrest or meet
• To cut back on: Reduce
• To get in with: Join a group
• To pay off: Finish paying something
• To track somebody down: Find somebody
• To turn up: Appear
• To meet up: Come together
• To bring about: Make changes happen

Common English Idioms

• Out of the blue: Unexpected
• Fell into place: Go exactly as planned
• Go downhill: Getting worse
• On the cards: Predictable
• The rest is history: The

Would You Use Dating Sites?

Would you use dating sites?

Nowadays, more and more people are using dating sites to meet someone with whom to start a relationship.

On the one hand, you can meet people with different personalities and interests. You can also start a relationship slowly: first by texting or phone calls and finally by having a date. It’s easier to tell someone you don’t like them by text than to tell them face-to-face.

On the other hand, you never know if they might be cheating on you or laughing at you. This can hurt you a lot. Besides, people often lie about their lives, age, or physical appearance.

Even though a lot of people have found their better halves, I would never use dating sites because I think that they aren’t reliable...

Common Professions, Duties, and Workplaces

Accountants

Look after the finances in an organisation - office.

Bakers

Bake bread - bakery.

Barbers

Shave men's beards and cut men's hair - barber shop.

Bartenders

Serve drinks - pub, restaurant, or bar.

Butchers

Prepare and sell meat - butcher shop.

Chambermaids

Clean and tidy rooms - hotel.

Chefs

Prepare and cook food - kitchen.

Dentists

Look after people's teeth - dental clinic.

Doctors

Look after people's health - hospital or surgery.

Fishmongers

Prepare and sell fish - fish market.

Flight Attendants

Look after passengers - aeroplane.

Hairdressers

Cut and style people's hair - hair salon.

Judges

Judge and sentence people - law court.

Lawyers

Defend and prosecute people - law court, or lawyer's office.

Nurses

Look after patients...

Classroom Phrases and Vocabulary

Ending the Class

Ordinal Numbers & Time Vocabulary

Weather Vocabulary

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