Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Secondary education

English Irregular Verbs in Spanish

Base Form, Past Simple, Past Participle, Spanish Translation

[v] Be. was/were. been. ser, estar.

[v] Beat. beat. beaten. golpear.

[v] Become. became. become. llegar a ser, convertirse.

[v] Begin. began. begun. empezar.

[v] Bend. bent. bent. doblar(se).

[v] Bet. bet. bet. apostar.

[v] Bite. bit. bitten. morder.

[v] Bleed. bled. bled. sangrar.

[v] Blow. blew. blown. soplar.

[v] Break. broke. broken. romper.

[] Bring. brought. brought. traer.

[v] Build. built. built. construir.

[] Burn. burnt/burned. burnt/burned. quemar.

[v] Buy. bought. bought. comprar.

[v] Catch. caught. caught. coger, agarrar.

[v] Choose. chose. chosen. elegir.

[v] Come. came. come. venir.

[v] Cost. cost. cost. costar.

[v] Cut. cut. cut. cortar.

[v] Dig. dug.

Newspaper Sections and Content

Most of the text found in a newspaper is news. As you know, news is always grouped into sections. Each section addresses a particular theme (International, National, Local, Economy, Sports, Culture, etc.).

The majority of newspapers have the same parts, but each is placed in a different order and gives more importance to one than the other.

The Structure of News Articles

Headlines and Their Functions

Headlines are the key element of news: they capture the attention of the reader and provide basic information. Often, only the title appears. When it is not enough, it is accompanied by an antetítulo (pre-title) or a caption, which broadens the information.

The Body and the Lead Paragraph

The body expands and explains the...

Linguistic Foundations and Semantics

The verb is the action performed by the subject within a sentence. Semantics is the branch of linguistics that studies word meaning. A word is a linguistic sign consisting of two parts: the signifier and the signified. The signifier comprises the letters or sounds that compose a phoneme, while the phoneme is the sound corresponding to a word. All linguistic signs are arbitrary, meaning the object exists in reality.

Pronouns and Their Functions

Pronouns include personal, demonstrative, possessive, indefinite, numeral, interrogative, exclamatory, and relative types.

• Impersonal Reflexive: Appears in sentences without a subject, typically in the 3rd person singular.
• Passive Reflexive: Used in passive constructions

English Question Words

What (qué), where (dónde), when (cuándo), how (cómo), who (quién), and why (por qué).

Adverbs of Manner: Spelling and Usage

Adverbs of manner describe how an action is performed. Common examples include:

• Bad (badly)
• Beautiful (beautifully)
• Terrible (terribly)
• Fantastic (fantastically)
• Good (well)
• Fast (fast)

Verb Tenses and Grammar Rules

Present Continuous

The present continuous is formed using be + -ing.

Past Simple of the Verb "To Be"

• I was
• You were
• He, she, or it was
• We were
• You were
• They were

Past Simple: Regular and Irregular Verbs

Examples: I went, you went, etc.

• Questions: Did I...? Did you...?
• Negative: I didn't...

Spelling for regular verbs:

• Invent (invented)
• Arrive (arrived)
• Study (studied)

Future with "Be Going To"

Structure: I am

The Origins of Pascual Duarte

Pascual Duarte begins his memoirs by defending the inherent goodness of his nature while reflecting on the role of grim fate in the lives of men. He recounts his origins: born approximately fifty-five years ago in a hot, sunny town near Almendralejo, a region rich in olive groves and livestock.

Setting the Scene: A Rural Life

Pascual provides a vivid description of his surroundings, highlighting key landmarks:

• The town hall square
• The local church
• The house of Don Jesus, the only two-story building in town

He details his own home, a structure spanning two hundred yards, designed to provide shelter from the harsh winter clouds and the stifling heat of August. Behind his property ran a dry, often dirty, and foul-smelling...

Verano

Last summer I went to Andalucía because I had never been there before. First, I went to Granada. I visited the Alhambra and stayed with some friends. In the evenings, we went to a lot of clubs and discos. We didn’t go to bed until three or four in the morning because it was very hot, and we couldn’t sleep anyway. Then, I went to Jaén. There, I stayed with my aunt and uncle. They have a farm, so I did some horse-riding and helped them feed the animals. I had a great time there. Afterwards, I went to Seville. As I don’t know anybody there, I stayed in a hotel. I had some money left, so I stayed in a luxury hotel and really relaxed. I visited all of Seville’s monuments. After four weeks, I took a plane and came back here. I hope...

BE/WAS/WERE/BEEN/SER 

BEAT/BEAT/BEATEN/ABSORTO

BECOME/BECAME/BECOME/CONVERTIRSE

BEGIN/BEGAN/BEGUN/EMPEZAR

BEND/BENT/BENT/DOBLAR

BET/BET/BET/APOSTAR

BITE/BIT/BITTEN/MORDER

BLEED/BLED/BLED/SANGRAR

BLOW/BLEW/BLOWN/SOPLAR

BREAK/BROKE/BROKEN/ROMPER

BRING/BROUGHT/BROUGHT/LLEVAR 

BUILD/BUILT/BUILT/CONSTRUIR

BURNT/BURNED/BURNED/QUEMAR

BUY/BOUGHT/BOUGHT/COMPRAR

CATCH/CAUGHT/CAUGHT/COGER

CHOOSE/CHOSE/CHOSEN/ELEGIR

COME/CAME/COME/VENIR

COST/COST/COST/COSTAR

CUT/CUT/CUT/CORTAR

DIG/DUG/DUG/CAVAR

DO/DID/DONE/HAVER 

DRAW/DREW/DRAWN/DIBUJAR

DREAM/DREAMT/DREAMT/SOÑAR

DRINK/DRANK/DRUNK/BEBER

DRIVE/DROVE/DRIVEN/CONDUCIR

EAT/ATE/EATEN/COMER

FALL/FELL/FALLEN/CAERSE

FEED/FED/FED/ALIMENTAR 

FEEL/FELT/FELT/SENTIR

FIGHT/FOUGHT/FOUGHT/LUCHAR 

FIND/FOUND/FOUND/ENCONTRAR

FLY/FLEW/FLOWN/VOLAR

FORGET/

English Irregular Verbs: Complete Conjugation Table

This list provides the base form, past simple, past participle, and the corresponding meaning in Catalan for common English irregular verbs.

Predicative Verbs

Verbs Describing Predicate Acts

• Ser: Acts as a predicate when synonymous.
• Be: Synonymous with 'exist' or 'remain'.
• Parecer: Conveys an opinion or belief.

The Adverbial Phrase

Structure and Function

The adverbial phrase (S Adv) is a set of words where the adverb is the nucleus. Structurally, the adverb may appear alone or accompanied by various accessories.

Functions of the Adverbial Phrase

The adverbial phrase serves as:

• Completion of the adjective.
• Adverb complement.
• Circumstantial supplement.

Adverbial Complement (CC)

An adverbial phrase is an inseparable group of two or more words functioning as an adverb. The Circumstantial Complement (CC) is a predicate complement indicating the circumstances in which the verbal action is performed....