Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

Irregular Verbs

• be / was/were / been – ser
• become / became / become – convertirse en / volverse
• bite / bit / bitten – morder
• break / broke / broken – romper
• ...

Common Verbs

• read / read / read – leer
• say / said / said – decir
• sell / sold / sold – vender
• show / showed / shown – mostrar
• ...

Weather Vocabulary

• above-average- temperaturas por encima de la media
• bitterly cold- frio picosea
• chilli - mucho frio
• flooding- inundacion
• ...

Animal Vocabulary

• bred- criar-reproducirse
• bug-insecto
• cute- mono
• deadly- mortales
• ...

Adjectives

• cold-blooded - sangre fria
• curly-haired - pelo rizado
• ear-cracking - desgarrador de oidos
• four-legged- de cuatro patas
• ...

Grammar Rules

• 0 - if+ ps, ps
• + 3p s/es
• - don't / doesn't goes
• 1- if+ ps , will / won't + infinitivo
• ...

English Grammar Guide

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds (Verb + -ing)

• After certain verbs: admit, advise, avoid, consider, deny, involve, recommend, risk, suggest, sing
• After prepositions (but not before): I drank a cup of coffee before leaving.
• As the subject or object of a sentence: Swimming is good exercise.
• After certain expressions: I can't help wondering.

Infinitives ('to' + Verb)

• After certain verbs: agree, decide, deserve, expect, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, promise, seem, wait, want
• After many adjectives: It's difficult to get up early.

Examples:

• I enjoy drawing.
• Yesterday, I decided to draw.

Live, Alive, Live

• Verb: We live in Valencia.
• Adjective: You're lucky to be alive.
• Adverb: They enjoy playing live.

Word Order

Subject + Verb + Object + How +...

Introduction

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the regular pattern of verb conjugation in English. This means that their past tense and past participle forms are not formed by simply adding -ed to the base form of the verb.

List of Irregular Verbs

The following is a list of the most common irregular verbs in English, along with their past tense and past participle forms:

Be

- Past tense: was or were - Past participle: been

Become

- Past tense: became - Past participle: become

Begin

- Past tense: began - Past participle: begun

Blow

- Past tense: blew - Past participle: blown

Break

- Past tense: broke - Past participle: broken

Bring

- Past tense: brought - Past participle: brought

Build

- Past tense: built - Past participle: built

Buy

- Past...

Vocabulary for Relationships and Social Life

• Acquaintance: conocido
• Background: antecedentes
• Close friend: amigo cercano
• Couple / Date: pareja / cita
• Fiancé: prometido
• Relationship: relación
• Relative: pariente
• Values: valores

Actions and Dynamics

• Break up: dejar / romper
• Claim: reclamar
• Doubt: dudar
• Get along: llevarse bien
• Last: durar
• Grow apart: distanciarse
• Increase: incrementar
• Research: investigar
• Take after: parecerse a
• Work out: funcionar / resolver

Personality Adjectives and Appearance

• Adventurous: aventurero
• Cheerful: alegre
• Divorce: divorcio
• Energetic: energético
• Engaged: comprometido
• Generous / Selfish: egoísta
• Good-looking
• Married / Single
• Moody: temperamental
• Muscular / Slim: delgado
• Petite / Average height: altura media
• Shy: tímido / Outgoing: extrovertido
• Stubborn:

Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Separable Phrasal Verbs

You can insert other words into the middle of a separable phrasal verb. Consider the following example, using the phrasal verb take back:

• I need to take back the shirt I lent you.
• Where’s that shirt I lent you? I need to take it back.

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Inseparable phrasal verbs can be transitive (i.e., they can take a direct object), but you cannot insert that direct object into the middle of the phrasal verb. In other words, they cannot be separated. Consider the following examples:

• If you focus your education solely on one area, you’ll have nothing to fall back on if you change your mind.
• Each child should have at least one older child to look up to.
• What does i.e. stand for?

Foundational Vocabulary: Environment and Society

Key Geographical and Social Terms

• Inhabit (V): To live in a place.
• Employment (N): A job or work; an activity that is paid.
• Migration (N): Movement of people, animals, or plants.
• Herding (N): The movement of animals for grazing or feeding.
• Ancient (Adj): Relating to things that are very old.
• Hunting (N): Killing an animal for sport or food.
• Fishing (N): The activity of catching fish.
• Sail (V): To travel in a boat, usually using sails.
• Lack of (Phrase): The fact that something is not available or present.

Environmental and Landscape Definitions

• Coast (N): The land next to the sea.
• River (N): A large, natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another river.
• Desert (N): An area of land,

Understanding Human Traits

Autocratic Management

My manager's autocratic personality often leads him to dismiss my suggestions for departmental improvement.

Smugness and Ignorance

Her smug expression would have been more irritating if her words hadn't revealed her ignorance of the situation's gravity.

Parsimony and Wealth

Despite his wealth, the parsimonious millionaire refused charitable donations.

Vulgarity and Discipline

Students using vulgar language in class receive after-school detention.

Introspection and Art

The introspective artist constantly questioned their painting skills.

Common Touch and Seniority

Unlike many senior judges, he consistently demonstrates a common touch.

Venality and Corruption

The mayor's venality made him readily accept bribes...