Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

1. Now that smoking is considered to be very dangerous to the health, it is especially difficult for children to buy cigarettes or tobacco. Our tobacconist, Mr. Soames, has always been very careful about this. If his customers are very young, he always ask them whom the cigarettes are for.

Essential English Verbs and Phrases

This document provides a list of essential English verbs and phrases, along with examples of their usage in different tenses.

Common Verbs and Their Usage

• Go: go, go, go, go, go, go. I went, you went, went, went, are you gone, gone.
• Open: open, open, open, open, open, open. (I, you, has, have, you have opened +) ((-o/-a))
• Have: I, you, she, we, you have. (I, you, she, we, you have + had.)
• Drink: drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink. (I, you, has, have, you have drunk +).
• Understand: I understand, you know, you know, understand, understand, understand. (I, you, has, have, you have understood +).
• Try: try, try, try, try, try, try. (I, you, ha, ha, we, you, have tried +).
• Close: close, close, close, close, close,

Work and Business

• Ability/Skill: The capacity to do something.
• To Resign: To voluntarily leave a job.
• To Fire: To dismiss someone from a job.
• Deal: A business agreement.
• To Endorse: To support or approve of something.
• Trainer: A person who trains others, especially in sports or a profession.
• Wealth: An abundance of valuable possessions or money.
• Facilities: Buildings or equipment provided for a particular purpose.
• Employee: A person employed for wages or salary.
• To Afford: To have enough money to pay for something.
• Wage: A fixed regular payment earned for work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis.
• To Manage: To succeed in doing or achieving something, especially something difficult.

Sports and Personal Qualities

• Supporter: A person who

September the tenth was the first day when I went to school after summer holidays. I was at this school for the first time and I was nervous because I could not find my classroom. But I met some friends from the old school and they helped me. When we were entering, we met our new teacher and he told us to come in and sit down. He told us our goals for this year and organized a small game. In the end, he gave us the timetable and left us free time alone to communicate and get to know each other. This day was very interesting.

Irregular Verb Forms in English

This is a list of common irregular verbs in English. Irregular verbs do not form their past tense or past participle by adding -ed. Instead, they have unique forms that must be memorized.

• be was/were been (ser o estar)
• become became become (llegar a ser)
• begin began begun (empezar)
• bend bent bent (doblarse)
• bet bet bet (apostar)
• bite bit bitten (morder)
• bleed bled bled (sangrar)
• blow blew blown (soplar)
• break broke broken (romperse)
• bring brought brought (traer)
• broadcast broadcast broadcast (emitir)
• build built built (construir)
• buy bought bought (comprar)
• catch caught caught (coger)
• choose chose chosen (elegir)
• come came come (venir)
• cost cost cost (costar)
• cut cut cut (cortar)
• dig dug dug (cavar)
• dive dived/dove dived/dove (bucear)

Conditional Sentences

Zero - Permanent actions

If (Pr. S), (Pr. S)

If we heat water to 100C, it boils.

1rst - Probable actions

(Will + V) if (Pr S.)

We'll go boating if it doesn't rain

2nd - Unlikely or imaginary actions

(If + Past. S), (Would + V)

If I won the lotto, I would buy a house

3rd - Impossible actions

(Would have + Participle) if (Past Perfect)

You would have met Kevin if you had come to the cinema with us

Reported Speech

DIRECT SPEECH                                                 INDIRECT SPEECH

PR. SIMPLE                                                         PS. SIMPLE

He said, "I want to watch a film"         He said that he wanted to watch a film

PR. CONTINUOUS                

Present Simple

• Active: She eats apples
• Passive: Apples are eaten by her

Present Continuous

• Active: He is eating oranges
• Passive: Oranges are being eaten by him

Past Simple

• Active: I bought a mobile phone last week
• Passive: A mobile phone was bought by me last week

Past Continuous

• Active: My brother was cleaning his car
• Passive: His car was being cleaned by my brother

Present Perfect

• Active: My mother has cooked a cake
• Passive: A cake has been cooked by my mother

Past Perfect

• Active: They had climbed a mountain
• Passive: A mountain had been climbed by them

Past Perfect Continuous

• Active: He had been listening to music
• Passive: Music had been being listened to by her

Future

• Active: I will sing a song
• Passive: A song will be sung by me

Future Perfect

• Active: I'm going

Mastering English Passive Voice

The passive voice emphasizes the action or the recipient of the action rather than the performer. Its general structure is: Object + Passive Verb + (by + Agent).

Passive Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: AM (not) / ARE (not) / IS (not) + past participle
• Past Simple: WAS (not) / WERE (not) + past participle
• Future 'Will': WILL (not) BE + past participle
• Future 'Going To': AM (not) GOING TO BE / ARE (not) GOING TO BE / IS (not) GOING TO BE + past participle
• Present Continuous: AM (not) BEING / ARE (not) BEING / IS (not) BEING + past participle
• Past Continuous: WAS (not) BEING / WERE (not) BEING + past participle
• Present Perfect: HAVE (not) BEEN / HAS (not) BEEN + past participle
• Past Perfect: HAD (not) BEEN + past participle
• Modal

Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening
Robert Frost, USA (1874 – 1963)

Literal Comprehension

This poem by Robert Frost presents the scene of the speaker returning home at dusk in his horse-drawn sleigh. He stops to enjoy the peace and solitude of the moment. The snow falls softly, and the woods are attractive. There is no one else to break the silence. However, the horse sees no reason for stopping. It is growing dark, there is no farmhouse near, and they have miles to go. Reflecting on his horse’s impatience, the speaker acknowledges he must move on to keep his promises before he can sleep.

Interpretation

This poem evokes feelings related to both life and death. The dark evening and the solitary place, far from any village, suggest a sense of...