Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

Modal Verb Examples and Usage

Jane could visit Switzerland next year. I may take Spanish lessons. They must be home by now. James can’t be eighteen yet! The weather might be sunny tomorrow. Mrs. Smith can’t have left home. She might have gone to stay with her mother. Mr. Smith may have committed a crime. He must have buried something in the garden. He could have won the lottery. He must have bought a new car. Mr. Smith might have murdered his wife. She must be at home. She can’t be Janet—she’s in America. She must think I’m stupid. I must look silly in this coat. They must have a lot of money.

You don’t have to take a jacket. You should see a dentist. You must not talk during the exam. You must not park here. You should study harder....

English Grammar

Verb Tenses

Past Tense Transformations

• Present Simple (eats/eat) → Past Simple (ate)
• Don't/Doesn't → Didn't
• Present Continuous (am, is, are + v ing) → Past Continuous (was, were + v ing)
• Past Simple (-ed or irregular) → Past Perfect (had + past participle)
• Present Perfect (have, has + past participle) → Past Perfect
• Past Perfect (had + past participle) → Past Perfect
• Past Continuous (was, were + v ing) → Past Perfect Continuous (had + been + v ing)
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Future: Will + infinitive → Would + infinitive
• Can → Could + infinitive
• Must/Have to → Had to + infinitive
• May → Might + infinitive

Changes in Reported Speech

• Now → Then
• Today

Present Tenses

• Present Simple: Subject + infinitive (3rd person +s) + complement / don't or doesn't (usually, often, always, never, sometimes; routines and timetables)
• Present Continuous: Subject + am/is/are + v-ing + complement (actions now, fixed plans and temporary actions; now, at the moment, today, this week...)
• Present Perfect: Subject + have/has + past participle (duration, things that happen in the recent past, life experiences; just, yet, already, for, and since)
• Present Perfect Continuous: Subject + have/has + been + v-ing (duration and intensity of an action; for and since)

Past Tenses

• Used To: To describe past habits/repeated actions or states which are not true.
• Past Simple: Subject + past verb + -ed / Subject + didn't + infinitive (past

Josemaría and I were very good friends since our brothers went to class together. He and I were like brothers, we went everywhere together, and the whole school knew us. Some said he was my boyfriend, but he and I loved each other like brothers. Our fathers had worked together for many years, and our mothers were close friends, like our brothers and like us. Every day we saw each other at school, and some weekends we spent together at their house or mine since our parents would meet for dinner together.

When our brothers grew up and changed schools, they stopped being friends, but Josemaría and I were still as close friends as we had always been. After a while, when I changed schools, he also changed friends, and we stopped being so close...

A Review of "Scary Movie"

A Hilarious Parody

My favorite film is "Scary Movie." This saga achieved great success upon its release and was considered a blockbuster. It parodies popular horror films, transforming them into comedies. The series consists of five different installments.

The first part parodies "Scream," one of the most popular horror films. It tells the story of a group of young people who accidentally run over a man and promise not to tell anyone. However, one year later, the ghost of that man appears in their lives to kill them one by one.

The main characters are the group of friends. It's also important to note that the film is directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans.

What Makes It Great

The best thing about the film is how enjoyable it is....

Reading

The One-Week Job Project

Due to = because of Condition = illness

Mild = moderate To have the blues = depressed

Manage = control Prohibit = forbid

Skill = ability Countless = a lot of

Important = significant Achievement = accomplishment

Willing = prepared Decreased = diminish

Prevent = stop State = claim Unfair = unjust

Huge = enormous Improve = get better

Purchase = buy Income = salary

Lend = borrow Buy = sell

Decreased = increased Insignificant = prestigious

Adore/appreciate = dislike Very small/tiny = huge

Approve/acclaim = criticize Calming/comforting = disturbing

- The post has just arrived.

- My neighbors had sold their house before they moved to Los Angeles.

- How long have you known her?

- By the time I get home, I hope you will have walked the dog.

- She hadn't run a marathon...