Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Employment training and career guidance for Primary education

Direct Speech & Reported Speech

*PS: I walk -----> Past S: I walked.

*PC: I'm walking -----> Past C: I was walking

*P perfect S: I have walked -----> Past perfect S: I had walked

*Past S: I walked -----> Past perfect S: I had walked.

*Past perfect S: I had walked -----> Past perfect S: I had walked

*am/is/are going to: I'm going to walk ---> was/were going to: I was going to

*will: I will walk -----> would: I would walk.

*can: I can walk -----> could: I could walk

*Must: I must walk -----> had to: I had to walk

Times and Places Expressions:

• -now -----> then, at that time
• -today -----> that day
• -tonight -----> that night
• -this (morning/week..) -----> that (")
• -yesterday -----> the day before
• -last (week/year..)

English Verb Tenses and Usage

Present Perfect Simple

Structure: You have talked / He has talked.

Usage: It is used with ever, never, yet, just, already, recently, lately, how long...?, for, since, and in recent years.

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure: You have been working / He has been working.

Usage: It is used with for a year, since 2002, how long...?, all night, morning, day, or week.

Past Perfect Simple

Structure: You had started.

Usage: It is used with already, by the time, after, before, until, never, and just.

Past Perfect Continuous

Structure: You had been traveling.

Usage: It is used with for hours, since last April, all morning, when, until, and before.

Future Perfect Simple

Structure: You will have finished.

Usage: It is used with by this

Store brands lift grocers in troubled times.

Abortion on demand a step too far for Spanish right.

How's my driving? ask my car.

How racist is Britain?

Amphibians may soon disappear.

Britain'

English Grammar Summary

Unit 1: Verb Tenses and Structures

• Present Simple: (e.g., I sing). Affirmative: Subj + Inf (+s for 3rd person). Negative: Subj + don't/doesn't + Verb. Interrogative: Do/Does + Subj + Verb?
• Present Continuous: (e.g., I am singing). Affirmative: Subj + am/is/are + Verb-ing. Negative: Subj + am not/isn't/aren't + Verb-ing. Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + Subj + Verb-ing?
• Past Simple: (e.g., I played). Affirmative: Subj + Verb-ed. Negative: Subj + didn't + Verb. Interrogative: Did + Subj + Verb?
• Past Continuous: (e.g., I was playing). Affirmative: Subj + was/were + Verb-ing. Negative: Subj + wasn't/weren't + Verb-ing. Interrogative: Was/Were + Subj + Verb-ing?
• Present Perfect Simple: (e.g., I have bought). Affirmative: Subj + have/

English Question Words (Wh-Words)

Who (quem)

Who is a subject pronoun used in questions.

Examples:

• Who is that beautiful girl? (Quem é aquela moça bonita?)
• Who likes soccer? (Quem gosta de futebol?)
• Who was playing with you? (Quem estava brincando com você?)

Whom (a quem)

Whom is an object pronoun used in questions (often formal).

Examples:

• Whom did you kiss at the party? (Quem você beijou na festa?)
• With whom did Peter go? (Com quem Peter foi?)

Whose (de quem)

Whose indicates possession.

Examples:

• Whose pencil is this? (De quem é este lápis?)
• Whose house is that? (De quem é aquela casa?)

Which (qual, quais)

Which is used when choosing between options.

Examples:

• Which of those men is your father? (Qual daqueles homens é seu pai?)
• Which sock do you prefer:

Analyzing Advertising Effectiveness and Consumer Behavior

This section addresses key questions regarding modern advertising methods, ethics, and influence on purchasing decisions.

1. Most Effective Ways of Advertising

The most effective ways of advertising are those featuring an attractive product and slogan that successfully reaches the target audience. For example, Nike's advertisements on TV or social media are highly effective due to their strong branding and targeted placement.

2. The Power of Word-of-Mouth Marketing

I agree that word-of-mouth is highly effective. This means that satisfied customers recommend products to others. For example, when a friend recommends a product because they have already tried it and are satisfied, you buy it...

Vocabulary

Afford: permitirse, antique: antigüedad, barahona: ganga, barter: trocar, bill: cuenta, borrón: tomar, brand ñame: marca, bring in: traer, cash: efectivo, cheap: barato, cheque: cheque, coín: moneda, computer science: informática, credit card: tarjeta de crédito, customer: clienta, deal with: ocuparse, discount: descuento, earn: ganar, environment: medio ambiente, exchange: intercambio, expensive: caro, gift certifícate: cupón, half-price: mitad de precio, keep: guardar, last: durar, lend: prestar, lift: viaje, look after: cuidar, look into: echar un vistazo, make money: ganar dinero, manage money: administra dinero, mobile payment: pago con el móvil, note: billete, offline: fuera de internet, pay back: devolver, pay for:

Disability Insurance: Income Protection & Coverage Options

What is disability insurance?

Disability insurance — Replaces all or part of your income if you cannot work because of disability.

• Underinsurance problem
  • Disability insurance is the largest category of basic insurance for which Americans are underinsured.
  • People mistakenly believe that other insurance they carry will protect them in case of long-term disability.

Elimination Period

Elimination period — A clause in your insurance policy that specifies how soon after the disability the policy will begin to pay benefits.

• A longer elimination period substantially reduces the premiums on disability insurance.

Financial Strategies

• Live below your means
• The two-career family

Reducing Risk of Disability

Reducing

Critiquing the Modern Education System

I believe that education fails in some important ways. The issues are multifaceted:

• The weight of student backpacks is excessive.
• Classrooms are often not well equipped.

Teacher Accountability and Student Blame

Some teachers do not explain concepts clearly. Instead, they claim that students do not understand the explanations, shifting the blame entirely onto the students. Often, no further explanation is provided beyond telling students they must enroll in an external academy for tutoring.

Disruptive Student Behavior

Another critical point involves the students themselves—behaving like beasts rather than human beings—who constantly talk to each other. In a second, they create an atmosphere of chaos in the...

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