Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Employment training and career guidance

Essential Vocabulary for Language and Digital Communication

Language and Linguistic Terms

A collection of key terms related to language acquisition and usage:

• Accent: Acento
• Bilingual: Bilingüe
• Cognate: Similar (Cognado)
• False Friend: Falso parecido
• Fluently: Con fluidez
• Idiom: Expresiones (Modismos)
• Meaning: Significado
• Mother Tongue: Lengua materna
• Proverb: Refrán
• Saying: Dicho
• Second Language: Segunda lengua
• Slang: Jerga
• Synonym: Sinónimo
• Translation: Traducción

Communication and Social Interaction

Vocabulary for discussing interpersonal and public communication:

• Comment on: Opinar
• Have a chat: Hablar largo
• Keep in touch: Mantenerse en contacto
• Speak in public: Hablar en público
• Spread a rumor: Difundir un rumor
• Etiquette: Etiqueta (Normas de comportamiento)

Consultas de Seleção e Ordenação de Dados

• Liste todas as informações de uma tabela (no caso DEPARTMENTS):
  SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS;
• Liste todos os empregados que têm um salário entre 10.000 e 20.000 (utilize os métodos BETWEEN e AND):
  SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY > 10000 AND SALARY < 20000;
• Liste os números e nomes dos departamentos ordenados por nome do departamento:
  SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM DEPARTMENTS ORDER BY DEPARTMENT_NAME;
• Liste todos os tipos diferentes de funções desempenhadas pelos empregados:
  SELECT DISTINCT JOB_ID FROM EMPLOYEES;
• Liste a informação detalhada dos empregados dos departamentos 10 e 20 por ordem alfabética do nome:
  SELECT

Essential Business English Vocabulary

Enhance your understanding of key business terms with this comprehensive English-to-Spanish glossary.

• Stock exchange: La bolsa
• Shareholders: Accionistas
• Assets / shares: Acciones de bolsa. Can be bought on the stock exchange.
• Likely to: Tener la probabilidad de
• Sole trader / Sole proprietor: Autónomo
• Management: Gestión
• To manage (v): Gestionar
• Debts: Deudas
• To set up / to settle / to start a business (v): Empezar, establecer un negocio
• Profits / benefits: Beneficios
• Losses: Pérdidas
• To appoint (v): Nombrar a
• Headquarters (pl) / main office: Sede central
• Branches: Sucursales
• Subsidiary: Sucursal, filial
• To found a business (v): Fundar una empresa
• Dotcoms: Online companies, haven't got a physical company.
• Franchising /

Stakeholder Management

Understanding Stakeholders:

• Identify stakeholders and assess their relative importance, power, and interests.
• Develop strategies for building and managing relationships with key stakeholders.
• Identify potential risks associated with stakeholder relationships.

Benefits of Effective Stakeholder Management:

• Improved decision-making by considering stakeholder perspectives.
• Greater acceptance of organizational actions by stakeholders.

Challenges and Considerations:

• Stakeholder analysis can be subjective.
• It may not be possible to meet all stakeholder interests simultaneously. Prioritize the most important stakeholders and strive to balance and reconcile interests based on importance and urgency.

The 4 Ps of Marketing

Product/Service

1. Customer

Verb Tenses and Forms

PreS - 1º / s - p - are + 3º column. Present Continuous (PC) - to be + -ing. Past Simple (PastS) - 2º - P - to be past + 3º. Past Continuous (PastC) - to be past + -ing - P - to be past + -ing + 3º. Future (Futu) - will + infinitive - P - will be + 3º. Be going to (BeGT) - be going to – P - are going to + be + 3º. Present Perfect (PrePer) - have/has + 3º - P - have + been + 3º. Past Perfect (PastP) - had + 3º - P - had been + 3º.

Conditionals: First, Second and Third

• 1st conditional: IF + subject + verb (present) / subject + WILL + INFINITIVE.
• 2nd conditional: IF + subject + verb (past) / subject + WOULD + INFINITIVE.
• 3rd conditional: IF + subject + past perfect (had + past participle) / subject + WOULD + HAVE

English Grammar Rules

Adjective Order

Opinion, Size, Shape, Age, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose.

Verb Patterns

• Be used to + -ing: Estar acostumbrado a.
• Get used to + -ing: Acostumbrarse a.
• Used to + infinitive: Solía.
• Suggest + that + subject + infinitive.
• Verb + object + to + infinitive: Advise, ask, beg, encourage, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, tell.
• Verb + object + that + clause: Claim, admit, say, explain, promise, declare, insist, reveal, add, recommend, tell, remind, warn.
• Verb + gerund: Admit, deny, suggest, recommend.
• Verb + preposition + gerund: Accuse of, apologize for, blame for, congratulate on, insist on.
• Verb + to + infinitive: Agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten.

Gerunds vs. Infinitives

• Gerunds: Used after prepositions,

Stressful Situations

• Going to the dentist
• Queuing in the supermarket
• Being stuck in a traffic jam
• Going to the hairdresser
• Finding a place to park
• Organizing a party
• Having an interview
• Making a speech
• Being afraid of flying
• Making a presentation to senior executives
• Leading a formal meeting
• Telephoning in English
• Writing a text with a tight deadline
• Negotiating a very valuable contract
• Asking your boss for a pay raise
• Dealing with a customer who has a major complaint
• Getting lost
• During the sales period
• During exam periods
• On the first date

High Levels of Stress

• Smoking a lot
• Losing your hair
• Your heart beats quickly
• Biting your nails
• Sweating profusely
• Shaking/trembling
• Eating a lot of sweets
• Not eating at all

Relaxation Techniques

• Walking
• Playing sports
• Reading
• Having a

Technology and Computing Vocabulary

• Back up: Hacer una copia de seguridad
• Browse: Navegar
• Capable of: Capaz de
• Cutting-edge: Innovador
• Delete: Eliminar
• Deny access: Denegar acceso
• Device: Dispositivo
• Enable: Permitir
• Equipped with: Equipado con
• Gaming: Videojuegos
• Go viral: Hacerse viral
• Install: Instalar
• Tool: Herramienta / Herramientas
• Update: Actualizar
• Upgrade: Renovar / Mejorar
• Upload: Subir / Colgar
• User-friendly: Fácil de utilizar
• Wireless: Inalámbrico
• Artificial intelligence: Inteligencia artificial

Common English Collocations

• Conveniently located: Muy bien situado
• Deadly serious: Muy en serio
• Deep trouble: Serios problemas
• Heavy rain: Lluvia torrencial
• Highly unlikely: Muy improbable
• Perfect match: Pareja perfecta
• Pleasantly surprised: Gratamente sorprendido
• Rapid

Business Terminology

General Terms

• Cita: Appointment
• Tarjeta de visita: Business card
• Carrera: Career
• Empresa: Company
• Departamento de Diseño: Design Department
• Empleado: Employee
• Empleador: Employer
• 1ª impresión: First impression
• Departamento Legal: Legal Department
• Placa con nombre: Name plate
• Departamento de Operaciones: Operations Department
• Título: Title

Numbers and Places in the Office

• Cero: Nought/Zero
• Planta baja: Ground floor
• Ascensor: Lift/Elevator
• Sala para clientes: Lobby
• Departamento de Mantenimiento: Maintenance Department
• Escaleras: Stairs
• Habitación para guardar materiales: Storeroom
• Planta última o ático: Top floor
• Almacén: Warehouse

Job Titles

• Jefe de Contabilidad: Chief accountant
• Informático: Computer programmer
• Empleado de Atención/Servicio

A. Meeting Arrangements and Business Communication

I'm writing to arrange a time for the meeting next week. We had arranged a meeting for tomorrow to discuss our business plans. Following conversations with our distributors. Following a meeting of the board, it has been decided to cut our training budget. Due to the suggestions that our staff gave us, we have decided to promote this fact.

B. Requests and Apologies

I would be grateful if you could give us a sample information or send us details of your services. We would be pleased if you could inform us about how... I wonder if you could tell me what time. I apologize again for the changes, and I hope we can meet in the near future. If you are interested in working with us, please contact me at...