Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Employment training and career guidance for Other courses

English Verb Tenses

Present Tenses

• Present Simple: Subject + verb + complement (add -s/-es for third person singular). Negative: don't/doesn't + verb.
• Present Continuous: Subject + to be (am/is/are) + verb-ing + complement.
• Present Perfect: Subject + have/has + past participle (verb-ed or 3rd column).
• Present Perfect Continuous: Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing.

Past Tenses

• Past Simple: Subject + verb-ed (or 2nd column). Negative: didn't + verb (infinitive).
• Past Continuous: Subject + was/were + verb-ing.
• Past Perfect: Subject + had + past participle (verb-ed or 3rd column).
• Be going to: Subject + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb + complement.

Future Tenses

• Will/Won't: will/won't + infinitive.

Comparatives and Superlatives

• Comparatives: -er/-ier

Plurales:

IZ Irregular: s, z, ure, ch, j, ge, ji  S Voiceless: p, t, k, f, th (suena z), k  Z voiced: resto de sonidos

Pasados:

ID irregular: t, d  T voiceless: p, k , es, s, sh, f  D voiced: resto de sonidos

Consonantes

η: nk, ng θ: th suena z  d: th suena d  ζ: sh ʒ: sure + ζ: ch dʒ: j, ge, gi

Vocales:

/i:/  i larga: ee, ea, ie, ei /I/ I larga: i , y /u:/ u larga: oo, vocal + cons.+e /u/ corta: u, ou / ): / o larga: or, ar, all o /D/ o corta: o /a:/ a larga: ast, alf / λ/ a con la boca grande: u, o /ae/ a monosílabos: siempre a / Ȝ:/ e larga, en silaba acentuada: e, i, a u + r /e/ e normal: e /d/e para determinantes: the

Pasiva:

Pres. sim: am/ is/are v-ed Pre. Cont: am / is/ are being v-ed Pas. Sim.: was/were v-ed Pas. Cont: was/were...

Refining Formal Correspondence Templates

Formal Letter Structure Enhancement

Dear [Sir/Madam / Club Secretary / Title + Last Name],

I am writing in response to your recent email regarding [the event / issue / change].

Initial Acknowledgment and Concern

Firstly, thank you for keeping us informed. While I understand that [brief reason or circumstance], I was quite [disappointed / surprised / concerned] to hear that [brief description of the issue].

Proposing Solutions

Secondly, I would like to suggest that [alternative idea 1], as it might be a good solution. Additionally, [alternative idea 2] could help make the situation better for everyone involved.

Call to Action

Finally, I kindly request that you [mention any action: consider rescheduling / offer...

Regular and Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense

Practice putting these verbs into the past tense. Remember that regular verbs typically add '-ed', while irregular verbs have unique past tense forms.

Regular Verbs:

• Play: Played
• Work: Worked
• Study: Studied
• Listen: Listened
• Wash: Washed
• Close: Closed
• Look: Looked

Irregular Verbs:

• See: Saw
• Get: Got
• Sing: Sang
• Drink: Drank
• Do: Did
• Speak: Spoke
• Make: Made
• Swim: Swam
• Read: Read
• Cut: Cut
• Drive: Drove
• Run: Ran
• Sit: Sat
• Go: Went

GO > Vai | Went > Foi

Visit > Visita | Visited > Visitado

Here are some example sentences with translations:

• Como estava o seu fim de semana? => How was your weekend?
• Ela nadou ontem de manhã no clube. => She swam yesterday morning at the club.
• Eu fechei a porta porque estava frio dentro

Adventure and Travel Vocabulary

Scenery and Survival

• Scenery: paisaje
• Survival skills: técnicas de supervivencia
• Breathtaking: impresionante
• Give me a thrill: entusiasmar
• Awesome: increíble
• Run out of: quedarse sin
• Stunt: acrobacia
• Rescue: rescate

Adventure and Terrain

• Mountainous: montañoso
• Adventurous: aventurero
• Steep: escarpado
• Brave: valiente
• Risky: peligroso
• Hurt herself: hacerse daño
• Wild: salvaje
• Challenging: reto
• Trail: camino
• Survive: sobrevivir
• Unforgettable: inolvidable
• Fit: en forma

Travel and Booking

• Make a reservation: hacer una reserva
• Set off: salir
• Go trekking: hacer senderismo
• Book a session: reservar una sesión
• Make my way: dirigirse
• Overcome fear: superar el miedo
• Face danger: enfrentarse al peligro
• Lost my way: perderse
• Seriously injured: gravemente

Causative Verbs: Have and Get + Object + V3

Affirmative Structures

This section details the use of have and get followed by an object and the past participle (V3) across various tenses to express actions done for someone by another person.

Modal Verbs of Probability

These structures are used after an infinitive verb to express certainty.

• Must (90%): Used for strong probability.
  Example: He must be at home now. (Debe estar en casa ahora.)
• Might / May / Could (70%): Used for possibility.
  Example: She might be late. (Puede que llegue tarde.)
• Can’t (Impossible): Used when something is impossible.
  Example: He can’t be the thief! (¡No puede ser el ladrón!)

Speculation in the Past

These structures are used after the auxiliary 'have' to talk about past events.

Might, May, and Could

Use Might / May / Could + have + past participle to talk about something possible or to form hypotheses.

• Example: Slaves must have built the pyramids.
• Negative (Something possible that didn’t happen): Use May

Reported Speech: Verb Tense Changes

1. Present Simple to Past Simple
   • Direct: I work in Paris
   • Indirect: He said he worked in Paris
2. Present Continuous to Past Continuous
   • Direct: I am working
   • Indirect: He said he was working
3. Past Simple to Past Perfect
   • Direct: I worked
   • Indirect: He said he had worked
4. Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous
   • Direct: I was working
   • Indirect: He said he had been working
5. Present Perfect to Past Perfect
   • Direct: I have worked
   • Indirect: He said he had worked
6. Present Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous
   • Direct: I have been working
   • Indirect: He said he had been working
7. Past Perfect: No Change
   • Direct: I had worked
   • Indirect: He said he had worked
8. Past Perfect Continuous: No Change
   • Direct: I had been working
   • Indirect: He said he had been

Common English Collocations and Phrasal Verbs

Collocations

Collocations are words that are often used together. Using them correctly will make your English sound more natural.

Adjective/Verb + Preposition

• Absent from
• Accustomed to
• Accused of
• Addicted to
• Afraid of
• Aim at: apuntar
• Apologise for
• Arrest for
• Ashamed of
• Aware of
• Based on
• Believe in
• Blame for
• Capable of
• Close to
• Content with
• Contrary to
• Convenient for
• Convict of
• Crazy about/for
• Criticise for/about
• Crowded with
• Curious about
• Depend on
• Dependent on: depender de
• Deprive of
• Devoid of: falta de; de interés
• Eager to/for: ansioso
• Excited about: emocionat
• Faithful to: leal
• Famous for
• Fed up with/of: harto de
• Find out
• Fond of: apreciar
• For yourself
• Guilty of: culpable
• Happen throughout
• Inclined to: interesado, dispuesto
• Intent to
• Interested

Configuración Básica

Siga estos pasos para la configuración inicial del dispositivo:

R# configure terminal
R(config)# hostname HQ
HQ(config)# no ip domain-lookup
HQ(config)# enable secret class
HQ(config)# banner motd "Bienvenido"
HQ(config)# line console 0
HQ(config-line)# password cisco
HQ(config-line)# login
HQ(config-line)# line vty 0 4
HQ(config-line)# password cisco
HQ(config-line)# login
HQ(config-line)# logging synchronous
HQ(config-line)# exec-timeout 15
HQ(config-line)# exit
HQ(config)# copy running-config startup-config

Configuración de Interfaces

HQ(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
HQ(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.129 255.255.255.128
HQ(config-if)# no shutdown
HQ(config-if)# exit

Enrutamiento Estático

ISP(config)# ip route 10.