Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Electronics for Secondary education

The Direct Method

Characteristics of the Direct Method

• It was a reaction to the restrictions of the Grammar-Translation Method.
• Translation was abandoned, and classes were conducted in the target language.
• New teaching points were introduced orally.
• Everyday English was taught through demonstration.
• Oral skills were taught inductively.
• Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized.

Teacher's Role in the Direct Method

• Teachers had to be either native speakers or have a very high level of the language.
• The teacher's skills were more important than the textbook.
• It was difficult for teachers to demonstrate everything with actions because translation was forbidden.

Student's Role in the Direct Method

• Students had to speak in the target language; the use

Unit 1: Language and Communication

Key Vocabulary

• Accent: acento
• Bilingual: bilingüe
• Cognate: cognado
• Comment on: opinar sobre
• False friend: falso amigo
• Fluently: con fluidez
• Idiom: idioma
• Keep in touch: mantenerse en contacto
• Meaning: significado
• Mother tongue: lengua maternal
• Proverb: proverbio
• Saying: dicho
• Second language: segunda lengua
• Slang: argot
• Speak in public: hablar en publico
• Spread a rumour: extender rumor
• Synonym: sinonimo
• Translation: traduccion

Internet and Social Networks

• Blogger: bloguero
• Chatroom: sala de chat
• Cookies: galletas
• Cyberbully: cyberbully
• Delete an account: eliminar cuenta
• Follower: seguidor
• Go online: navegar online
• Hacker: jaqueador
• Internet addiction: adicto a internet
• Log off: desconectarse
• Post an update: publicar actualizacion
• Post online:

Linguistic Fundamentals

The hyphen is used to indicate the end of a word of more than one syllable that must be divided at the end of a line.

Toponymy is the branch of linguistics that studies place names.

A semantic field is a set of words in the same grammatical category, related by their meaning.

The invariable preposition is a word that functions to relate other words or groups of words.

The standard language is the linguistic variety that serves as a means of communication between speakers of a language community in formal areas.

Anthroponymy studies the origin and meaning of personal names.

Rhetorical Resources in Poetry

Rhetorical resources are ways of playing with words used by poets to add beauty to the language:

• Comparació: Used to describe

Three Basic Elements of Computer Control

• Inputs: These capture the sensor response.
• Outputs: These act on switches to open or close electric circuits and control systems.
• Programming: This analyzes data from the sensors to act on the corresponding switches.

Manual and Automatic Control Systems

Control may be manual or automatic. Signals within these systems are categorized as follows:

• Analog signals: These are continuous variables (for example, temperature does not experience sudden jumps in intervals).
• Digital signals: These use a 1 when active or a 0 when disabled.

The Role of the Electronic Controller

A controller is an electronic device connected to the computer that contains several inputs and outputs. It is used to control electromechanical devices...

Evolution of Media and the Newspaper

In the past, town criers were the news people; now, there is the media. The newspaper is a printed or electronic publication characterized by its attention to current events and its purpose to inform, entertain, and create reviews. Journalistic genres are those through which information, assessment, or opinion is transmitted.

Classification of Journalistic Genres

• Informative Genres: These inform readers of novel facts or events of general interest, such as news and reporting.
• Opinion Genres: These offer interpretations or evaluations of relevant issues to convey a view of the topic. Examples include the editorial, letters to the editor, and articles or columns.
• Mixed Genres: These combine information and opinion,

ERASMUS+ PROJECT PROPOSAL

Are We That Different?

A documentary about teenagers in Europe

1. Project Summary

Make a short documentary (4-5 minutes) comparing the daily lives, worries, dreams and hobbies of teenagers from Spain and another European country. The project starts with one question: Are we really so different because we live in different countries?

To answer this question, students from both schools will answer the same questions. Their answers will be grouped by topic and shown through short interviews, everyday scenes, subtitles and a final conclusion. The aim is to show that, although our cultures and schools may be different, we also share many experiences, worries and interests.

2. IES Ben Arabi Erasmus+ Objectives

Objective 1: Languages

English–Spanish Vocabulary List

This list covers essential English vocabulary with its Spanish translation, organized by topic to help you learn faster.

Common Verbs

• Browse – Navegar
• Change – Cargar
• Plug on – Enchufar
• Press – Pulsar
• Scroll – Subir y bajar pantalla
• Stream – Transmitir
• Swipe – Deslizar a la derecha e izquierda de la pantalla
• Switch on/off – Encender / Apagar
• Tap – Clicar
• Text – Enviar un mensaje
• Update – Actualizar

Adjectives

• Automatic – Manual
• Convenient – Conveniente
• Efficient – Eficiente
• Inefficient – Ineficiente
• Heavy – Pesado
• Light – Ligero
• High quality – Alta calidad
• Low quality – Baja calidad
• Practical – Práctico
• Impractical – Poco práctico
• Reliable – De fiar
• Unreliable – De no fiar
• Useful – Útil
• Useless

Morphology of a Horse

Vocabulary: Nose, lip, muzzle, cheek, neck, chest, shoulder, arm, knee, belly, coronet, hoof, gaskin, thigh, tail, croup, loin, flank, back, withers, and mane.

Equestrian Vocabulary and Equipment

Learn the essential terms for horse care and riding equipment:

• To tie: Atar
• The bit: Bocado
• To groom: Cepillar
• Lumps: Bultos
• Bumps: Protuberancias
• Swelling: Hinchazón
• Unsound: Poco sano
• Do the bridle: Poner la brida
• Withers: Cruz
• Pommel: Borén
• Girth: Cintura
• To bloat: Hincharse
• Boots: Botas
• To buckle: Abrochar
• To unbuckle: Desabrochar
• The buckle: La hebilla
• Get tangled: Enredarse
• Crown: Cabezada
• Chinstrap: Barboquejo
• To be snug: Ajustado
• The bridle: La brida

English Grammar Tenses

Past Perfect

Structure: Subject + had + verb-ed

Keywords: Before, after,...

The unit load in the International System of Units is the coulomb (C). Friction between different objects or the movement of fluids causes charges to accumulate on the surface of insulating materials or conductive materials that act as insulators. These charges cannot move freely as they do in electrical currents; therefore, this phenomenon is called static electricity.

Electric Circuits: Components and Function

An electric circuit consists of these basic elements: a generator, a receiver, conductors, and control devices. The conventional current flows from positive to negative, although in reality, the current consists of electrons moving in the opposite direction.

Energy Loss and the Joule Effect

The movement of charge through a conductive material...

Fundamental Networking Concepts

• Protocol: A set of rules that determines the interchange of data between network components.
• WAN (Wide Area Network): These surfaces are covered with many service users, often utilizing peer-to-peer networks.
• Mixed Network: If some elements are connected by cables and others are wireless, cabling often serves as the backbone of the network.

Data Transmission and Multiplexing

• Time-Division Multiplexing: Bandwidth is allocated to each channel as a fraction of the total during a particular time, using channel signals in turn.
• Code-Division Multiplexing: Each signal is marked with a code so that even if several signals share the same channel, it is possible to separate them.
• Bandwidth: Indicates the maximum amount of data