Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Biology for Secondary education

Microorganisms: Definitions and Characteristics

Place the correct number in the boxes to match the organism with its definition.

1. Fungus: A spore-producing organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment.
2. Protist: Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.
3. Bacteria: A prokaryotic organism with peptidoglycan in its cell walls.
4. Archaea: A prokaryotic organism without peptidoglycan in its cell walls.
5. Virus: A microscopic particle that cannot replicate on its own.

Understanding Hosts in Biology

A host is:

• An infected protein
• A prokaryotic organism
• A living thing that a virus or parasite uses for shelter
• A cell destroyed by a virus

Extreme Habitats of Archaea

Label these extreme habitats of Archaea with the correct names from the box:...

Spermatogenesis

Occurs in the seminiferous tubules, which contain interstitial cells that secrete testosterone. The walls of the tubules contain germ cells. As they multiply, they move towards the end until they mature to become spermatozoa.

Oogenesis

Takes place in the ovaries and is divided into two stages:

1. Fetal Development: The female develops immature ova while still an embryo in the mother's womb. Each ovum is surrounded by cells to form structures called follicles. Follicles with immature ova inside stop developing until the woman reaches puberty.
2. Ovarian Cycle: Occurs in cycles of approximately 28 days. Follicles grow, and the ovum inside matures. The release of the mature ovum from the ovary is called ovulation. Typically, females ovulate

Photosynthesis produces glucose using

Photosynthesis produces food in plants, called glucose. It happens in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, that absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is also produced. EQUATION: CARBON DIOXIODE + WATER= GLUCOSE + OKYGEN. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy.

Adaptation for efficient photosynthesis

Leaves are broad so there is a large surface area exposed to light. Most of chloroplasts are found in the palaside layer. This is so that they are near the top of the leaf where they can get the most light. The upper epidermis is transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer. Leaves have a network of vascular...

Chapter 1: Introduction to Cells and Microscopy

1.1 What are Living Things?

Organism: A living thing made up of cells.

Cell: The smallest living part of a living thing.

Unicellular: Single-celled organisms.

Multicellular: Organisms made of many cells.

Characteristics of All Living Things:

• Responds to its environment
• Needs energy
• Grows
• Reproduces
• Gets rid of wastes that build up in its body

Exploring the Microscopic World:

Compound Microscope: Combines two lenses to magnify objects.

Light Microscope: Uses light to view an object.

Resolving Power: The ability of a microscope to focus on two objects or details that are close together.

Magnification Power: The ability of a microscope to make an object appear larger.

Eyepiece: The lens you look through to magnify...

Transgenic Vaccines

Transgenic vaccines are vaccines in which an extracted gene from an organism is introduced into a unicellular organism's genetic code (a bacteria or yeast). This is done to produce a certain protein (the one from the extracted gene) and to multiply that bacteria and the production of the protein in larger quantities. That protein is then able to produce the weakened protein of the membrane of the virus.

Steps of Production

The gene is extracted from the organism and introduced into the seed of the plant, meaning it's introduced inside the first genetic information of the plant. Then you need to plant the seed and allow for the production of the protein.

Advantage of Transgenic Vaccines by Yeasts Over Injured Viruses

They stimulate...

Human Skeletal System: Key Structures and Functions

Types of Synovial Joints

• Plane Joints

  Characterized by flat surfaces on one bone meeting with flat surfaces of another, allowing for slipping and gliding movement with no axial rotation. Common examples include the carpal bones of the wrist.

• Hinge Joints

  A cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface of another bone. These joints permit flexion and extension, like the elbow joint (specifically, the olecranon process of the ulna).

• Pivot Joints

  A rounded projection of one bone fits into a rounded depression or sleeve of another bone, often held together by ligaments. They allow for uniaxial movement, such as the rotation of the odontoid process of C2 (axis) within the anterior

Human Development: Puberty and Sexual Characteristics

Gametes and Reproductive Capability

Gametes are the reproductive cells: sperm (male) and eggs (female). Humans acquire this ability during the first stage of adolescence, known as puberty.

Sexual Characteristics

Primary Sex Characteristics

These include the gonads and internal structures that house the embryo (the uterus) until the individual is born.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Secondary sexual characteristics are external features unique to either sex, which appear at puberty.

Changes in Males

• Shoulders widen.
• Hair appears (axillary, pubic, facial).
• The voice deepens (becomes lower pitched).
• The penis and testes increase in size.

Changes in Females

• Hips widen and the waist narrows.
• Hair appears

The Human Sensory System

The Sense of Smell (Olfaction)

The sense of smell is located in the nasal cavity, which is lined by the olfactory mucosa. This mucosa is divided into two main regions:

• Red Olfactory Mucosa (Respiratory Region): Lining the inner half of the nasal cavity, this region contains numerous capillaries that warm and humidify the inhaled air.
• Yellow Olfactory Mucosa (Olfactory Region): Located at the top of the nasal cavity, this specialized region contains the olfactory receptors. These receptors are composed of hair cells that receive and transmit chemical stimuli. They are capable of detecting over 3,000 different gaseous substances. When stimulated, they send nerve impulses via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and then