Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Biology for Secondary education

1. Arithmetic Sequence Calculations

A) d = u₂ − u₁
B) u_n = u₁ + (n − 1)d
C) S_n = n/2 [2u₁ + (n − 1)d]

d = 52 − 55 = −3
u₁₀ = 55 + (10 − 1)(−3)
u₁₀ = 55 + 9(−3)
u₁₀ = 55 − 27
u₁₀ = 28

S₈ = 8/2 [2(55) + (8 − 1)(−3)]
S₈ = 4 [110 + 7(−3)]
S₈ = 4(110 − 21)
S₈ = 4(89)
S₈ = 356

2. Matchstick Pattern

u_n = 4 + (n − 1)3, so u_n = 3n + 1

A) Figure 5: u₅ = 3(5) + 1 = 15 + 1 = 16 matchsticks
Figure 6: u₆ = 3(6) + 1 = 18 + 1 = 19 matchsticks

B) u₁₀ = 3(10) + 1 = 30 + 1 = 31 matchsticks

C) 3n + 1 = 200
3n = 200 − 1
3n = 199
n = 199/3 ≈ 66.33

Figure 66 requires 199 matchsticks, which is the closest value to 200.

3. Arithmetic Sequence with u₁ = 1, u_n = 61, d = 2

u_n = u₁ + (n − 1)d
61 = 1 + (n − 1)2
61 − 1 = 2(n − 1)
30 = n − 1
n = 31 terms

4. Giraffe'

Introduction to Basic Life Functions

Humans perform basic life functions, and nutrition is the most important one. The systems involved are: digestive, excretory, respiratory, and circulatory systems.

1. Respiratory System

The respiratory system exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood. It allows O₂ to enter the body and CO₂ to leave. This is vital because it allows the main energy-producing processes in cells to happen (energy: ATP). This system is involuntary and responds to changes in blood gases.

Upper Airways

Air enters through the nostrils into the nasal cavity. The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal passages. Then, the air passes through the pharynx and then the larynx. Afterward, the air moves to the trachea, which...

Immune System Components

Phagocytes: Ingest foreign microorganisms and cell remains through phagocytosis. Travel through blood vessels.

Lymphocytes: Identify pathogens and coordinate specific responses. Travel through blood and lymphatic vessels.

Nonspecific Immunity

Nonspecific immunity: A reaction to the presence of a foreign substance, protecting organisms against invasion that could cause pathology.

Steps:

1. Phagocytes: Engulf and destroy foreign microorganisms (phagocytosis).
2. Inflammation: Increases blood flow to the infected site to attract phagocytes.

Specific Immunity

Specific immunity: Triggered by the detection of a specific pathogen (selective).

Steps:

1. Antibodies (activated lymphocytes): Proteins that specifically bind to the pathogen or toxins

Nervous System: Structure and Function

The nervous system is formed by nervous tissue, which connects the organs of the central nervous system to the rest of our body.

Nerve Classification by Function

• Sensory nerves transmit information from the senses and organs to the central nervous system.
• Motor nerves transmit information from the central nervous system to muscles and organs, which carry out a functional response.

Division of the Nervous System

The nervous system is divided into two main parts:

Somatic nervous system

The somatic nervous system is composed of nerves that connect skeletal muscles to the central nervous system and is responsible for voluntary acts.

Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system, also called the vegetative nervous

Genetic Problems and Mutations

There are several ways in which a gene may be defective and cause a failure in the process of creating a protein by the cell. In general, this is due to a change in the gene known as a mutation. The negative change or mutation can occur in three basic ways: one in which the order of the components of the gene has changed, another where components of the gene are lacking, and another where the complete gene is missing or does not exist on the chromosome.

To understand this, we use an analogy where a gene is a recipe and the components are the words of that recipe. Negative changes to the recipe would be such that the words are changed in order, words are missing, or whole sections are absent. Worse yet, the whole...

Cloning:
Is to obtain multiple copies of a gene (gene cloning) or get genetically identical (cloned organisms).
Gene cloning can get identical copies of a gene of interest introduced into a body:
1. DNA fragments with restriction enzymes and isolating the gene.
2. Bacterial vector is obtained.
3. Recombinant DNA is formed with the participation of a ligase enzyme.
4. Is introduced into the host cell.
5. You select the desired clone cells are produced.

The cloned animals can be achieved by separating embryonic cells or implanting a nucleus into an egg that has been removed theirs.
Process cloning of a sheep:
1. Immature egg is removed from a sheep and removed its nucleus.
2. Is replaced by the egg nucleus from a somatic cell from...

Nervous System

The nervous system is responsible for receiving and analyzing its stimuli, captured by the body's sense organs, and producing responses through effector organs. Information transmission is conducted through specialized cells that make up this system: neurons.

Parts of a Neuron

Neurons have three main parts:

• Cell body: the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm.
• Dendrites: short, branched extensions that leave the cell body. Through the dendrites, neurons connect with each other and receive information.
• Axon: a long, thin extension that branches at its end. Its function is to transmit information to other neurons, muscles or glands.

Within the nervous system, information is transmitted electrically in...

1. Citologie si Biologie Celulara

Dubla completa. BDA CBDDC 1-functie de relatie 3-incap culori dif intre ele
Ureterele uretra. CAB DABBB 2-digestion-prin intracelulara 5 din nucleii vegetativi Hypothalamus
Mitochondria cloroplastul. DCA BBDCA 2-rugos 3-prezentei in +

2. Genetica si Ereditate

4. Gen specie aacdd 3-uretra 6 BAC-heterotrophic
Dabdb bda 5. pasiv activ 3-sexul feminin 5-conuri si canes
Bda prelungiri cell 6 corp neuronale fecundatiei unui caabd 3-ovulate cu fara x spermatoz x 5-one ciocanelul nicovala scarita

3. Anatomie si Fiziologie Umana

Dba 7. auditivi vestibulari AABC 2-ca restructurarilor cromozomale marim, Continut, pozitia to genelor 4-crocodilienilor
Cdb corpului 8. echilibru pozitia bdbab 3-dorsal 5-vii
Urinare cai 9....

Unicellular Organisms

Unicellular organisms are formed by a single cell, which carries out all vital functions. Each cell must continuously ensure access to its nutrients, metabolism, and energy, which allows it to manufacture its own structures and even perform other functions such as movement, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, and reproduction.

Colonies

Cells can be grouped into colonies through orderly division, forming systems in which cells remain linked together. Each cell in a colony performs all the functions of a living being, and independent colonies also exist.

In other cases, there is a principle of division of labour, since some cells can specialise through cell differentiation and lose their reproductive capacity.

Volvox

Volvox is a colonial...