English Grammar: Active, Passive, and Reported Speech

Active and Passive Voice Transformations

• Present Simple: I do → Is done
• Present Continuous: I'm doing → Is being done
• Present Perfect: Have done → Has been done
• Past Simple: Did → Was done
• Past Continuous: Was doing → Was being done
• Past Perfect: Had done → Had been done
• Future Simple: Will do → Will be done
• Future (be going to): I'm going to do → Is going to be done
• Modal (should): Should write → Should be written
• Modal (must): Must do → Must be done
• Modal Perfect: Should have done → Should have been done

Subject-Verb Agreement

• Are: Plural
• Is: Singular
• His: He
• Her: She
• He/She/It: Was

Direct and Reported Speech

Direct Speech Examples

• Present Simple: I go to school
• Present Continuous: They are studying
• Present Perfect: She has been in London
• Past Simple: I saw a good film yesterday
• Past Continuous: They were watching TV
• Past Perfect: The robber had run away
• Future: You will pass your driving test
• Can: I can ski on that hill
• May: I may be late
• Must (obligation): You must study harder
• Must (deduction): He must be ill

Reported Speech Transformations

• Past Simple: He said he went to school
• Past Continuous: She said they were studying
• Past Perfect: John said she had been in London
• Past Perfect: He said he had seen a good film the day before
• Past Perfect Continuous: They said they had been watching TV
• Past Perfect: They said the robber had run away
• Conditional: The teacher assured he would pass his driving test
• Could: He said he could ski on that hill
• Might: She said she might be late
• Had to: My mother said that I had to study harder
• Must: The boss said he must be ill

Grammar Quick Reference

• He/She/It + s: Present Simple (do/does)
• -ed or 2nd column: Past Simple (did/didn't)
• Am/Is/Are + verb-ing: Present Continuous
• Was/Were + verb-ing: Past Continuous
• Don't: Not (reported)
• 'd: Had | 's: Is
• Has (present): Had (past)
• Negative Past Simple: Didn't + verb (1st column)
• Won't: Will not
• Don't: Didn't (reported)
• Didn't: Hadn't

Time and Place Shifts

• Today: That day
• This morning: That morning
• Yesterday: The day before
• The day before yesterday: Two days before
• Tomorrow: The next day
• The day after tomorrow: In two days' time
• Next week/year: The following week/year
• Last week/year: The previous week/year
• A year ago: A year before
• Here: There
• Now: Then