Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Mastering Auxiliary and Modal Verbs

Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs are crucial for expressing various nuances in English. Here's a breakdown of common modals and their uses:

Can

Expresses ability or permission.

• I can do it. (Ability: I am able to do it.)
• Can I do it? (Permission: Am I allowed to do it?)

Could

Expresses past ability, possibility, or polite requests.

• I couldn't see it. (Past inability: I was unable to see it.)
• Could you come? (Polite request: Would you be able to come?)

Will

Indicates future actions or intentions.

• I will work next week.
• You won't tell her. (Will not)
• Where will we go after dinner?

Would

Indicates conditional actions or polite requests.

• Would you do it if I told you?
• I wouldn't go anywhere. (Would not)

Should

Expresses advice or...

• Automovilismo
• Inicio

Escudería:
Precio:
Clave:

Disponibilidad para probar coches:

SíNo
Fecha de alta:

¿Deseas recibir información de automóviles?:

Sí

Tipos de coches:

AudiMercedesBMWJaguar
Comentarios

English Grammar Essentials

Modal Verbs and Semi-Modals

• Semi-Modals:
  • Have to (tener que): Expresses obligation.
  • Be able to (ser capaz de): Expresses ability.
• Modal Verbs:
  • Ability: Can / Could (podría, pude) / Will be able to (será capaz de).
  • Advice: Should (debería), Ought to (debería).
    • Present and Future: Should / Ought to.
    • Past (3rd form): Should have + past participle (deberías haber...).
  • Possibility:
    • Present: May (puede que...).
    • Future: Might (podría).
    • Past (3rd form): Might have + past participle (podría haber...).
  • Obligation:
    • Present and Future: Must (debes).
    • Present and Future: Have to (tienes que).

Verbs Followed by TO + Infinitive

Used after verbs expressing:

• Mental Actions: plan, forget, manage, agree, learn, promise, prepare, need, hope, decide,

• Spatial Prepositions

  • Above [PREP]: If something is above something else, it is in a higher position.
  • Across From [PREP]: If something is across from something else, it is on the other or opposite side.
  • Below [PREP]: If something is below something else, it is in a lower position than that thing.
  • Between [ADV]: If something is between other things, it is in the middle or separating one thing from another.
  • Close [ADJ]: If you are close to something, it is a short distance away from that thing.
  • Far [ADV]: If something is or goes far from something, it is a long distance away from that thing.
  • Lower [ADJ]: It is below something else.
  • Near [ADV]: If something is near something else, it is a short distance away from it.
  • Next To [PREP]: If something is next

Four Key Processes Enhanced by Visual Thinking

Let’s examine four processes improved by visual thinking:

1. Understand the Essence

• Visual Grammar: The Business Model Canvas poster is a conceptual map that functions as a visual language with corresponding grammar. It tells you which pieces of information to insert in the model, and where.
• Capturing the Big Picture: By sketching out all the elements of the Canvas, you immediately give viewers the big picture of a business model. A sketch provides just the right amount of information to allow a viewer to grasp the idea, yet not too much detail to distract them.
• Seeing Relationships: Understanding a business model requires not only knowing the compositional elements, but also grasping the interdependencies

MODAL VERBS

He must be in love/ She could be working too hard/ He may not earn very much/ That must be very hard/ That can't be Claire's grandfather/ He must have sold his business for a lot of money/ They can't have had another argument/ we might have met before/ she can't have had a happy childhood/ She may have thought I'd be angry.

I might be able to give you a lift but../ I wasn't able to swim till last year/ I can see Sarah../ I've made the main course for dinner.. so I haven't been able to make the dessert yet/ When I was 14, I was able to run from my home../ Will you be able to speak Chinese../ I was able to go to last Saturday's../ my brother can usually fix the computer

LISTENING

Cave Diving

(size/explorer/challenge/darkness/problem-solving/...

Tax Burden, Ratio, and Tax Structure

The OECD Classification of Taxes

• 1000: Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains
  • 1100: Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains of individuals
  • 1200: Corporate taxes on income, profits, and capital gains
• 2000: Social security contributions
  • 2100: Employees
  • 2200: Employers
  • 2300: Self-employed or non-employed
• 3000: Taxes on payroll and workforce
• 4000: Taxes on property
  • 4100: Recurrent taxes on immovable property
  • 4200: Recurrent taxes on net wealth
  • 4300: Estate, inheritance, and gift taxes
  • 4400: Taxes on financial and capital transactions
  • 4500: Other non-recurrent taxes on property
  • 4500: Other non-recurrent taxes on property
  • 4600: Other recurrent taxes on property
• 5000: Taxes on goods and services
• 6000: Other taxes

Tax Base

Bipolar and Depressive Disorders (Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia)

Risk Factors (DSM-5 Criteria)

Bipolar Disorder Risk Factors

• Environmental Factors: Bipolar disorder (BP) is more common in high-income countries than in low-income countries. BP is also common among individuals who are separated, divorced, or widowed.
• Genetic Factors: Family history is one of the strongest and most consistent risk factors.
• Gender: Females are more likely to experience BP symptoms compared to males.

Depression Risk Factors

• Temperamental: Neuroticism (negative affectivity) means individuals are more likely to develop depressive episodes in response to stressful life events.
• Environmental Factors: Stressful life events and adverse childhood experiences.
• Genetics: Inherited

Arthritis

54.5 million adults in the US were diagnosed between 2013-2015 (number is probably higher because some people aren't diagnosed); Number of adults with arthritis is expected to increase.

Characteristics:

• Arthritis: inflammation of one or more joints that cause joint pain and stiffness. It typically worsens with age. Joint disease.
• Osteoarthritis: most common, affecting 23% of adults in the US, caused by normal wear and tear, deterioration of cartilage and joints. Body attempts to correct this cause inflammation and irregular bone joints, exacerbating the condition.
• Rheumatoid: affects 1% of the population worldwide, an autoimmune disorder, chronic disease characterized by non-specific and usually symmetric inflammation of peripheral joints.