Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Technology for Secondary education

Plaster Production Process

Traditional Process

Building a rudimentary orno (kiln) from plaster. Inside, the wood is burned, and the heat dehydrates the stone.

Orno de Cuba

This type of kiln is filled at the top. Any fuel can be used.

Rotary Orno

Any fuel can be used. The material is subjected to constant agitation.

Properties and Applications of Plaster

Tensile and compressive strength depend on the material's nature and the quantity of water used in mixing.

• The Black Plaster: Obtained by the traditional process. It is usually used on plaster walls.
• The White Plaster: Achieves greater purity through finer grinding.

High-quality plaster cast is made from finely ground horn powder.

Glass Manufacturing

Glass is obtained by merging various components. Soda...

1 Definition

Electricity: It's the science that studies the movement of the electrons.

 The electrons have energy. Electricity is a form of energy that moves quickly. It's a very useful way to transport energy far from its origin. (From power station to the city).

                Electronic: It's a branch of technology that studies the uses of electricity to transmit information.

Electrical circuit: It’s the path where the electrons move to change the kind of energy.

Current: is the movement of electrons along a conductor. The electrons jump from one atom to another. When there are more atoms moving the current is more intense.

Electric tension difference

Electric tension is the difference in electrical potential between two points

Definición de la Clase Coche

A continuación se implementa la clase Coche en JavaScript, la cual define atributos privados por convención, métodos de cálculo y un método estático para listar los elementos en una ventana emergente:

class Coche {
    constructor(marca, modelo, anioFabricacion, precioCompra, precioVenta) {
        this._marca = marca;
        this._modelo = modelo;
        this._anioFabricacion = anioFabricacion;
        this._precioCompra = precioCompra;
        this._precioVenta = precioVenta;
    }

    calculaGanancia() {
        return (this._precioVenta - this._precioCompra);
    }

    calculaEdad() {
        var anioActual = new Date();
        return (anioActual.getFullYear() - this._anioFabricacion);
    }

    static

Electrical Material Basics

Conductors: Materials that allow electrons to pass through them easily.

Insulators: Materials that prevent the passage of electrons. Examples include plastic, wood, ceramic, concrete, and stones.

Introduction to Electronics

Electronics is the branch of physics that studies the control of electron movement in semiconducting materials. Under normal conditions, these materials act as insulators. However, when certain factors are changed (such as electric fields, magnetic fields, or pressure), they become conductors. The most common semiconducting materials are silicon and germanium. Electronic circuits are primarily used to control and distribute information and have been crucial to progress in computing.

Key Electronic Components

1. Resistor

   A

Electrics

• Flat or faulty battery: Batería defectuosa o descargada
• Dead battery: Batería agotada
• Broken car electric window: Motor de la ventanilla roto
• Broken indicators: Indicador roto
• Starter motor: Motor de arranque
• Replace bulbs: Reemplazar bombillas
• Alternator faults: Fallo en el alternador

Other Mechanical Issues

• Distributor cap: Tapa del distribuidor
• Fuel problems: Problemas de combustible
• Clutch cables: Problemas en el cable de embrague
• A hole in the exhaust pipe: Agujero en el tubo de escape
• Oil leaks: Fuga de aceite
• Dirty fuel filter: Filtro de combustible sucio
• Overheating: Calentamiento excesivo

Wheels and Tyres

• Flat or damaged tyres and wheels: Neumático dañado o pinchado
• Low tyre pressure: Baja presión de los neumáticos
• Worn-out tyre: Neumático

Plastic Properties

Lightweight: Due to their low density, plastics float and overcome most water resistance.

Insulating Capacity: Plastics offer excellent thermal and electrical insulation, making them ideal for plates and electrical conductivity applications.

Chemical Resistance: Plastics can withstand various environmental conditions without alteration.

Versatility: The properties of plastics can be modified, offering a wide range of possibilities.

Manufacturing Ease: Plastics are easy to model and can adopt various shapes.

Sustainable Practices and Environmental Impact

Reduce: Purchase or consume products only when strictly necessary.

Reuse: Give products new life by offering them new possibilities for use.

Recycle: Transform unusable objects into...

Electronics and Electricity

Electronics is the science and technology concerned with the study of electrons and their applications in information processing and transmission.

Direct Current (DC)

Direct current (DC) is the flow of electrons in a single, constant direction with consistent voltage and current over time.

Alternating Current (AC)

Alternating current (AC) is a variable current where voltage and current continuously change direction. The most common type of AC used in homes is sinusoidal, meaning it's a periodic electrical signal that repeats at regular intervals.

Transformers

Transformers are used to increase voltage for electricity transmission from power plants and then decrease it for safe household consumption.

Key AC Parameters

• Cycle:

Telecommunications Fundamentals

Broadcast Networks

Broadcast networks: receive user information and send it through terminals to access the network, without forming a point-to-point link (radio, TV, telephone).

Switched Networks

Switched networks: allow access to users through a node, dividing the network into parts, which is useful for local area extensions and the Internet.

Transmission Media

Electrical Conductors

Electrical conductors: used in telecommunications to transmit information in the form of electrical signals. They consist of metallic cables, of which there are two main types:

• Twisted pair cables: formed by twisted pairs of insulated wires. These cables are widely used in global telephone networks.
• Coaxial cable: formed by a central electrical

Tracing

Tracing is the process of marking lines to delineate the contours of a workpiece.

• Plane path: Performed on a flat surface or a single face of a piece.
• Air route: Takes place on several sides of the same piece simultaneously.

Tracing Tools

• Active: Pencil, compass, and scriber.
• Assistants: Ruler, set square, and marking gauge.
• Compasses: Design, interior, exterior, quadrant, and stick compasses.
• Squares: Carpenter's square, heel flap, and bevel.

Sawing

The degree of cut refers to the number of teeth per unit length on the saw blade.

Saw Characteristics

• Size and Shape: Includes tooth set (wavy, alternating/raker) and cut level.
• Types of Saws: Hand saw, edge saw, rib saw, marquetry saw (hacksaw), miter saw, jigsaw, and circular saws (fixed or portable)

Oersted Experiment Conclusions

The Oersted experiment demonstrated the fundamental relationship between electricity and magnetism. It showed that when an electric current flows through a circuit, it creates a magnetic field.

Relay Functionality

A relay operates by using an electromagnet to control electrical contacts. When current flows, the electromagnet attracts a steel plate, overcoming a spring. When the current stops, the spring returns the plate to its initial position. Dual-circuit relays allow two independent circuits to be controlled simultaneously.

Electric Motor Components and Operation

Key components include the rotor, coil, inductor, stator, magnets, brushes, and collector segments. Electric motors are among the cleanest, quietest,...