Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teacher training

Over 25 years, folk-rock icons Indigo Girls — Amy Ray and Emily Saliers — have not only released more than a dozen albums, they have also displayed a deep dedication to social, political, and environmental issues, mixing music and activism in equal parts.

In 1993, they co-founded Honor the Earth, the Native American support and awareness group, along with activist Winona LaDuke. Two decades on, they are still actively involved with that cause and others, from immigration reform to campaigning against the death penalty. On the eve of the release of One Lost Day, their first studio album in four years — and their performance at TEDWomen on Wednesday night — we spoke to Ray about how they speak up for what they believe in (without getting...

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Linguistic Challenges in Postcolonial Literature

Language became a significant concern for postcolonial writers. While the use of English as a literary medium was the most obvious choice, different countries faced unique linguistic situations. Postcolonial societies are generally categorized as follows:

• Monoglossic: Single-language societies using English as a native tongue, typically corresponding to settled colonies such as New Zealand and Australia.
• Diglossic: Bilingual societies, including India, Africa, and Canada. In these regions, English serves as the language of power, government, and commerce. Indigenous peoples, such as the Māori, Native Canadians, and Aborigines, also operate within a diglossic framework.
• Polyglossic: Primarily found

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Educational Challenges in Spain

Nowadays in Spain, there is an educational problem. Most people do not continue with their studies, and 50% of university students leave before finishing their degree. They cannot pay the high tuition fees that the Government has established. Furthermore, there is no job to obtain financial support. To solve this issue, the Government should reduce the price of the tuition fees and make a proper distribution of scholarships because sometimes the Government gives money to people that do not need it. These changes could help many students to continue studying and find a good job to pay for their studies.

Application Letter

Mrs. ...
(School Name)
58, Cardigan Street
Oxford p56 23B

C/ Calderon de la Barca, 29
03201...

Premodifiers

• Adjectives
• Participials
• Nouns

Postmodifiers

• Relative clauses
• To-infinitive clauses
• Ing-clauses
• Ed-clauses
• Prepositional phrases
• Appositive NPs
• Adjective phrases
• Adverbs

Relative Clauses

• Restrictive RC: Identify the intended reference of the head noun.
• Non-restrictive RC: Add elaborating, descriptive information about a head noun that has already been identified or is assumed to be known.

Components of a Relative Clause

• Head noun: The noun modified by the relative clause.
• Relativizer: The word which introduces the relative clause.
• Gap: The location of the missing constituent in the relative clause.

Relativizers in Standard English

There are eight relativizers in standard English:

• Five relative pronouns: which, who, whom, whose, that.
• Three relative adverbs:

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Vocabulary

English - Spanish

• Option: Opción
• College: Instituto CFT
• Qualification: Calificación
• Higher: Superior
• Job: Trabajo (como sustantivo)
• Invaluable: Muy valioso
• Further: Más
• Prospective: Futuro
• Field: Gran extensión de algo
• Staff: Personal/Grupo de personas
• Several: Muchos
• Loans: Préstamo
• Debt: Deuda
• Enable: Permitir
• Current: Actual
• Advisors: Asesores
• Fed-up: Agotado
• Undertaken: Emprender
• Make up your mind: Decidirse
• Relationship: Relación
• Between: Entre
• Employment: Empleo
• Degree: Grado académico
• Part/Full time: Tiempo completo/Tiempo medio
• Employer: Empleador
• Applying for: Buscar trabajo
• Technical Training Centers: Centro de Formación Técnica
• Learning: Aprendiendo
• Can and May: Poder
• Anyone; Any age: Alguien de cualquier edad
• Something: Algo
• Needed: Requerido
• Skills:

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Unit 5 Vocabulary: Key Terms and Definitions

Attitudes and Authority

Liberal

(Lliurepensador/a): My parents are very liberal, and I can do what I want.

Referee

(Àrbitre): He works as a referee every weekend.

To be on your side

(Estar al teu costat): The referee is on your side.

Strict

(Estricte/a): My parents are very strict, and I can’t do what I want.

Neutral

(Ser neutral): The referee is never neutral.

Settle for

(Conformar-se): She settled for that job.

Actions and Events

Overhear

(Escoltar quelcom per accident): I overheard my parents' conversation.

Flee

(Fugir): The thief decided to flee.

Get away

(Marxar): The thief didn’t want to get away.

Bury

(Entarrar): They buried their treasure.

Nod

(Afirmar amb el cap): George nodded his head in agreement....

I. Key Linguistic Terms and Concepts

Linguistic Terms Glossary

1. Corpus Linguistics
2. Lingua Franca
3. ESL (English as a Second Language)
4. Language Function
5. Dialect
6. Caregiver Speech
7. Holophrastic Speech
8. Translation
9. Telegraphic Speech
10. Babbling
11. Clinical Linguistics
12. EFL (English as a Foreign Language)
13. Lexicography
14. Interpretation
15. Language Testing
16. Chomsky (Noam Chomsky)

Matching Definitions Exercise

Match the following definitions to the terms listed above:

1. (ESL) English plays a major role in a country's communication.
2. (Language Testing) The assessment and evaluation of language progress.
3. (Interpretation) The activity of changing oral texts from one language to another.
4. (EFL) English as a school subject.
5. (Lingua Franca) A language used for communication among people who speak different

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Educational Programs: Core Components

Educational programs include objectives, content, timing, and evaluation criteria for each cycle. This structure allows for the adaptation of content sequences to site characteristics and the local environment. Key elements include:

• Contribution to Basic Skills: How specific areas foster essential competencies.
• Cross-Curricular Integration: Incorporating themes across all subjects.
• Methodology: Applied teaching strategies and procedures.
• Assessment: Grading criteria aligned with methodological guidelines.
• Literacy Initiatives: Measures to stimulate reading habits and improve oral and written expression.
• Diversity and Inclusion: Strategies for addressing diverse student needs.
• Resources: Teaching materials, including

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Grammar: Relative Clauses

Defining Relative Clauses

• Who/that (people): I spoke to the careers advisor who/that you recommended.
• Which/that (things or ideas): Here’s the application form which/that you should complete to apply for the job.
• Whose (possession): She’s the girl whose father owns the company.
• When/that (time): That was the year when/that I went to university.
• Where (place): That’s the country where she worked during her gap year.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

• Who: Eleni, who is my workmate, comes from Greece.
• Which: My company, which is based in London, works with many multinational organizations.
• Whose: John, whose work experience included volunteering, was the strongest candidate for the job.
• When: In 2009, when the global economic

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