Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Secondary education

Badminton Tactics and Shots

Badminton is a fast-paced racket sport that requires agility, precision, and strategic thinking. Understanding the various shots and when to use them is crucial for success. Here are some key shots and their tactical uses:

• Lob: A high, deep shot aimed to push the opponent to the back of the court. It provides time to recover and reposition. Use it to change the pace and create space.
• Smash: A powerful, downward shot intended to finish the rally. It is executed with speed and force, aiming to make it difficult for the opponent to return. Use it when you have a clear opportunity to attack.
• Drop: A soft shot that barely clears the net and falls quickly. It forces the opponent to move forward and can disrupt their rhythm.

Pathway 2: Glycolysis Anaerobic Lactic- Glycolysis is the second energy pathway. ATP produced during Glycolysis allows an athlete to engage in medium-term physical activity usually lasting from 1-3 minutes (from 15 seconds - 3 minutes).

• Medium Term sports would include a shift in a hockey game, 400 or 800 meter track event.

  Since glucose is plentiful in the body, Glycolysis is an ideal backup to the short-lived ATP production provided by ATP-PC system. During the process of Glycolysis, glucose is partially broken down in an 11-step biochemical process to yield twice as much ATP! How? Glycolysis transfers energy from the breakdown of glucose to ADP which it uses to rejoin to phosphate to make ATP. Like ATP-PC, Glycolysis does not require O2. ATP

Track Events

• Short Distance: 100m, 200m, 400m, 600m
• Middle Distance: 800m, 1500m
• Long Distance: 3000m, 3000m steeplechase, 5000m, 10000m
• Relay: 4x100m, 4x400m, distance medley relay, sprint medley relay
• Hurdles: 110m, 100m, 400m

Road Events

Marathon

Covering a distance of 42.195 km, the marathon is a staple athletic event in the Summer Olympic Games. It represents the ultimate challenge in endurance and strength, requiring athletes to pace themselves carefully to maintain oxygen levels.

Racewalking

A popular global event, racewalking is featured in major competitions like the Olympics. Athletes must cover a set distance as quickly as possible while adhering to strict rules: the toe of the back foot cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front...

What is CrossFit?

CrossFit is a strength and total physical conditioning program. It is based on incrementing the ten most recognized physical capabilities, according to specialists in the fitness training field:

• Strength
• Flexibility
• Balance
• Respiratory-cardiac resistance
• Power
• Speed
• Agility
• Coordination
• Muscle resistance
• Precision

The Objective of CrossFit

The objective of CrossFit is to develop the maximum performance level in all of these physical capabilities, not to carry out a specific training program. This is why we usually say that CrossFit's specialty is not to specialize.

History of CrossFit

CrossFit was created by a gymnast during the 1990s. The first CrossFit gym opened in Santa Cruz, California, in 1995. The number of members grew from 18 in...

Ice Hockey: A Brief History

Ice hockey originated in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with rules established in 1789. The sport was first played in 1893.

The Rink and Equipment

The playing surface is an ice rink, specifically designed for hockey. It's rectangular, measuring 61 meters long by 30 meters wide. A red line divides the rink in half, with two goal lines at each end, four meters from the end of the rink. The goal is located in front of each goal line.

Basic Rules of Ice Hockey

• The game is divided into three 20-minute periods.
• If the score is tied after three periods, a 10-minute overtime is played. If no goals are scored, the game ends in a draw.
• Defending often involves checking.
• A player entering the offensive zone before the puck is offside.

Common

Volleyball Basics and Court Dimensions

Volleyball is a light ball game that has become popular because it is a wonderful addition to exercise and entertainment. It is free from danger, and its rules are very simple. Players practice in the open air or indoors on a court 18 meters long and 9 meters wide. The court is divided by a mesh or network. There are different versions available for specific circumstances, offering versatility for everyone.

Description of the Court

Volleyball is played on a rectangular court 18 meters long by 9 meters wide, divided into two halves by a net one meter wide and 9.5 meters long. The net is placed at a height of 2.43 meters for males and 2.24 meters for women's play. The court is bounded by lines 8 cm thick.

Player

Badminton Systems, Training, and History

Badminton Systems

Parallel System: The two players are at the same level, each covering one half of the field. It is primarily a defensive system.

Combined System: This is a combination of the two systems. In attack, it uses the front-back system, and on defense, the parallel system.

Badminton Training Examples

1. Displacement: A player is seated between two cones, six meters apart from each other. Behind each cone is a player who sends a shuttlecock, alternating with the player at the other cone, giving the seated player time to move and return it.
2. Beating: A player stands on each side of the net. One player always hits drives, lifts, and smashes, while the other only hits clears and lobs.
3. Doubles Practice:

Characteristics of Passes and Receptions

Strong, fast, and maximum security from interception are key. The ball must move as far away from the defender as possible. The pass should ultimately be executed with the fingers and must travel between the receiver's waist and chest.

Types of Passes

• Chest pass with two hands
• Two-hand chopped chest pass
• Two-hand overhead pass
• Normal hand pass
• Hand delivery to hand back pass
• Crushed hand pass
• Baseball pass

Stopping Techniques

Stopping refers to how a player manages their feet upon receiving the ball:

• Stop at one time: Catching the ball when both feet touch the ground simultaneously.
• Stop two times: Catching the ball while one foot hits the ground before the other.

The Pivot Action

The pivot is the action that allows...

Understanding Physical Fitness Components

Fitness is the sum of basic physical skills, taking into account individual personality characteristics. These attributes enable us to perform any kind of physical activity. Key components include strength, endurance, speed, and flexibility, with health-related factors specifically covering cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, and flexibility.

Strength: Muscle Performance Against Resistance

Strength is the ability of muscles to perform against resistance. Types include:

• Maximum Tension: The highest tension a specific muscle can produce.
• Explosive: Muscular tension generated in the shortest time possible.
• Endurance: Withstanding tension for as long as possible.

Strength Training Methods

• Autoloading: Using

Volleyball Techniques

• Set Pass: Pase de Dedos
• Forearm Pass: Pase de Antebrazos
• Service: Overhand or Underhand (Saques)
• Spike and Tip: Remate y Dejada
• Block: Bloqueo

Player Positions

The court positions are numbered as follows:

• Front-row: Positions 4 (front-left), 3 (front-centre), and 2 (front-right).
• Back-row: Positions 5 (back-left), 6 (back-centre), and 1 (back-right).

Basic Volleyball Rules

1. Service: The server must not touch the court or the end line during the service.
2. Back-row Attack: A back-row player must not jump in the front-row area to pass the ball toward the opponent's court.
3. Net Violation: Players must not touch the net.
4. Rotational Fault: A fault is committed when the service is not made according to the correct rotational order.
5. Ball In/Out: