Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Musculoskeletal System Fundamentals

Mnemonic Rule for Muscle Regions

Neumotecnica Rule: A system for classifying muscle groups based on location and primary action:

• Superior Region:
  • Anterior: Flexors
  • Posterior: Extensors
• Inferior Region:
  • Anterior: Flexors
  • Posterior: Extensors

Lower Limb Musculature

Knee Muscles

Quadriceps Femoris (Extensors):

1. Rectus Femoris (Straight)
2. Vastus Lateralis
3. Vastus Medialis (Vast Interior)
4. Vastus Intermedius (Crural)

Hamstrings (Flexors): Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus.

Ankle and Foot Muscles: Actions and Primary Movers

1. Plantar Flexion (Foot Away):
   • Gastrocnemius (External and Internal Twin)
   • Soleus
2. Dorsiflexion (Foot Up):
   • Tibialis Anterior
   • Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
   • Extensor Digitorum Longus
   • Extensor Hallucis Longus
3. Eversion

Attention and Discrimination Games

Noise-Silence Commands

Here we work based on the presence or absence of noise. For example: the children stand in a circle and must search for animals hidden in the space. Another command can be: while the tambourine plays in class, children walk freely, and when the music stops they must remain still.

Sounds

Sounds in substitution: dynamics, substitution, displacement or changing posture. Commands are based on the differentiation of sounds. For example: place chairs in a circle and have the children dance around them like Indians with rain. If the cascabels play very fast (on tiptoe), we want the rain to be very fine. If the drums play slowly, we want the rain to be very strong, even with thunder.

The distinction...

Locomotor System

Bones

The skeletal system consists of 200 bones.

• Long Bones: Femur, ulna, radius
• Short Bones: Vertebrae, phalanges
• Flat Bones: Shoulder blade, skull bones, pelvis
• Irregular Bones: Facial bones

Composition of Bones

Mineralized connective tissue

• Cells (2%):
  • Osteocytes: Mature cells
  • Osteoclasts: Destroy tissue
  • Osteoblasts: Create tissue
• Fibers (95%): Tropocollagen
• Fundamental Substance (3%): H₂O

Structure of Bones

• Compact Bone Tissue: In diaphysis (long bones) and flat outer layers
  • Osteons: Small vessels that make up the bone
  • Yellow Marrow: Consisting of fat, feeds the cells

Functions of Bones

• Support the body
• Protect vital organs
• Facilitate movement with joints and muscles
• Store minerals
• Manufacture red blood cells

Joints

• Synarthrosis: Fixed, no movement,

What Is Cognitive Development?

Cognitive development encompasses the transformations of thought, reasoning, and stages of intelligence across a person's lifespan as they interact with and adapt to their surrounding environment.

Theories of Cognitive Development

Developmental theories examine how humans acquire new behaviors and identify which factors most favor cognitive growth. Four primary theoretical approaches stand out:

• Psychoanalytic Theory: Defends the view that our behavior is motivated by unconscious mechanisms; that is, all our actions are driven by internal energy.
• Behaviorism: Proposes that development is based on a process of forming increasingly elaborate behaviors, originating from simpler habits. It focuses strictly on clear and

Athletics and Swimming in Tenses

AT - Present Perfect

Athletics has been a very popular sport in many countries. Many athletes have taken part in different athletic events on the tartan track and in the field. Some athletes have competed in sprint running, while others have practiced long jump or high jump. The sprinter has worn spiked shoes and a competition number during the race. Before the race has started, the runners have listened to the starting pistol and the command “get set.” Sometimes an athlete has made a false start and has been disqualified from the competition.

In jumping events, athletes have run to the take-off board, which has helped them jump as far as possible. In long races, runners have completed many laps around the...

Sports and Achievement Vocabulary

• Astounding, award, balance, championship
• Defeat (vencer), drill (rutina), feat (achievement)
• In good shape, keep fit, leap (saltar), opponent
• Rank, role model, runner-up, setback (contratiempo)
• Strike (pegar), surpass (superar), teammate, work out

General Vocabulary and Idioms

• Allowance, asset (ventaja), eager (entusiasmado), harsh
• Make it, refrain from, reluctant, sacred
• Take off, uncertain, work one's way up

Prepositional Phrases

• In future, in private, in public, in the lead
• On one's own, out of bounds, out of place
• To this day, under pressure

Idiomatic Expressions

• Be/get/stay ahead of the game
• Jump the gun (precipitarse)
• Keep one's head above water (dar abasto)
• Learn the ropes
• Move the goalposts (cambiar las reglas)
• On the

My name is Oliver, and today I’m going to talk about something I am very passionate about: swimming, but more specifically, how to swim faster. If you swim competitively or just enjoy the sport, understanding the science and strategies behind speed can transform your performance.

Swimming fast isn’t just about physical strength. It’s about improving small details that, combined, create a powerful result. There are four strokes in swimming: freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke. Today we are going to focus on freestyle and we’ll explain four key elements in swimming: the start, the underwater phase, the turns, and the technique.

The Four Pillars of Freestyle Performance

1. The Start: Gaining the Initial Edge

The start is your...

The Importance of Warming Up

A warm-up is known as the sequential and progressive exercises performed before the main activity to prepare the body for the physical activity the person is going to do.

Why is it so important to warm up?

• To avoid injuries
• To prepare the body and the mind for more intense physical activity

Physiological and Psychological Effects

• Cardiovascular System: It activates the cardiovascular system by increasing the heart rate (pulse); heartbeats become more powerful.
• Breathing System: It makes you breathe faster and deeper.
• Muscular System: It activates the muscular system and raises the temperature, which allows the muscles to work faster and more effectively.
• Neural System: It activates the neural system, leading to better coordination,

Introduction

The Indoor Multisport Club offers a comprehensive program covering a wide variety of individual and team sports, including basketball, futsal, handball, volleyball, badminton, and alternative activities. The primary purpose of the club is to provide facilities and diverse options for children who have not yet chosen a specific sport.

Context

This program addresses the limited participation in sports other than football in the village of Muro. The club emphasizes the importance of offering varied athletic options to children, prioritizing the child's personal interests over parental expectations. Furthermore, practicing a variety of sports creates a dynamic environment that prevents boredom. Once children identify a specific sport...

Food Preservation

Preserving food prevents microorganisms from changing the food's original characteristics, such as its appearance, smell, or taste, in order to keep the food safe to eat for a longer period of time.

Methods of Food Preservation

- Methods that use low temperatures

These methods are used to prevent the growth of microorganisms that thrive at room temperature. Refrigeration involves keeping foods at temperatures between 0°C and 4°C, and freezing consists of storing foods at or below -18°C.

- Methods that use high temperatures

Sterilisation or Uht processing is a processing is a process in which food is heated at a temperature of 135c for two or three seconds in order to destruyo all microorganism. This metido allows products...