Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

1. Breathing

The first basic principle of Pilates is breathing. Proper breathing:

• Encourages effective oxygenation of the blood.
• Helps relax the muscles and avoid unnecessary tension.
• Focuses the mind and allows for concentration.

Here's how to breathe correctly during Pilates:

• Exhale deeply to activate the deep abdominal muscles.
• Focus on breath and stabilization before initiating any movement.
• Breathe into the lower rib cage three-dimensionally.
• Expand laterally to open the back of the rib cage.
• Breathe into the lower lobes of the lungs for more effective gas exchange.
• Engage the deep stabilizers of the torso, particularly the transversus abdominis first and the oblique abdominals later.
• Simultaneously engage the pelvic floor and the multifidus with

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan in Massachusetts, USA. William G. Morgan, a physical education teacher at the Massachusetts YMCA, spent time with J. Naismith, the creator of basketball, although he thought basketball was unsuitable for all students. So, using tennis as a basis, he designed a non-contact team sport that was fun, involved minimal risk of injury, and could be played by anyone. Originally named mintonette, it later came to be known as volleyball.

Object of the Game

The object of the game is to ground the ball on the opponent’s side of the net or to get them to hit the ball out of the court. Each time this happens, a point is won.

The ball is 65 cm in circumference and weighs 260 g. It should pass over the net...

WINDOW OPERATION TYPES

1. Single (pico del triangulo en el abridor)
2. Double casement
3. Bottom hung
4. Tilt and turn
5. Vertical pivot (rombo)
6. Horizontal pivot
7. Top hung
8. Fix
9. Sliding/folding
10. Horizontal sliding
11. Single bottom sash

WINDOW INSTALLATION ORDER

1. Dimension check
2. Frame placement, wedging
3. Alignment, adjustment
4. Wedging with two
5. Fastening
6. Sash installation
7. Removing the wedges
8. Sealing
9. Architraves

WALL

Window Arrangement with Thermal Insulation

Sketch top and side view (poner alfeizar/sill covering).

1. Frame extension behind TI
2. Frame extension in the middle of the wall
3. Dummy frame at the thermal insulation
4. Fastening frame window-wall connection

Wall Frame Sealing

1. Inside and outside
2. Sealing outside + foil inside
3. Foil inside and outside

FRAME

Stop. Frame-sash connection (triple stop)

1. External

Warm-up Exercises

Introduction

Warm-up exercises are a series of organized, methodical, and progressive movements designed to prepare your body for optimal performance and injury prevention. These exercises ensure suitable quality and safety during subsequent activities. Warm-ups are categorized into three types:

• General Warm-up: Moderate exercises that prepare muscles for generic physical activity.
• Specific Warm-up: Targeted exercises for specific muscle groups used in a particular sport or activity.
• Muscle Warm-up: Exercises for therapeutic effect or general fitness.

Effects of Warm-up

A proper warm-up yields several positive effects:

• Increased body temperature
• Improved muscle tone
• Elevated heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate
• Increased blood

Basketball: Origins and Global Development

Basketball originated in a U.S. school in 1891. Its promoter was James Naismith, a sports instructor at the YMCA in Springfield. Naismith specified the 13 basic rules of basketball, emphasizing the speed of scoring and the spectacular nature of the game. Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College. The sport quickly spread throughout the United States and Canada, achieving Olympic status in 1936. Globally, basketball is regulated by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). While FIBA governs the sport worldwide, leagues like Spain's ACB, featuring teams such as Real Madrid and Estudiantes, represent some of the highest categories of professional play.

Dribbling: Essential Ball Advancement

Dribbling...

Introduction to Vocabulary Expansion

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A-D Vocabulary Terms

Ornament

Repair, decoration, dressing, dress.

Fork

Division, diversion, separation.

Expletive

Jibe, insult, invective.

Reproof

Oppugn, counter, attack.

Conspicuous

Illustrious, eminent, prestigious, notable, renowned, famous.

Incompatibility

Divergence, disagreement, discrepancy.

Laudable

Praiseworthy, plausible, praise.

Bachelor

• Unmarried man: bachelor, solterón.
• Misogamist: enemy of marriage.

Catastrophe / Disaster

Dismal, ominous, unfortunate, tragic.

Consort

Married, spouse.

Obsolete

Old, aged, decrepit, durable, years, draft, senile.

Imminent

• Near/Urgent: urgent, next, soon.
• Extended/Away: extended, away.
• Required: obligatory.

Derision

Ridicule, pitorreo,

E. Physical Basketball 2nd Quarter

Definition

Basketball is a sport involving two teams of five players. The objective is to score more points than the opposing team by shooting a basketball into the opponent's basket while following a set of rules.

Court Dimensions

• Length: 28 meters
• Width: 15 meters
• Basket Height: 3.65 meters

Regulations

• Game Duration: 4 periods of 10 minutes each
• Possession Time: 24 seconds
• Time to Advance Ball: 8 seconds to move the ball into the opponent's half-court
• Time with Ball in Play: 5 seconds to make a play when closely guarded
• 3-Second Violation: Offensive players cannot stay in the restricted area (paint) for more than 3 seconds

Scoring

• Field Goal (inside the 3-point line): 2 points
• Field Goal (outside the 3-point line): 3 points
• Free

Discuss results of Spiteri et al.

Spiteri found that stronger athletes had faster total time during the COD performance test. Stronger athletes had overall better breaking & propulsive vertical, horizon force, and impulse.

Discuss results of Bloomfield (2007)

Bloomfield showed that there was a larger % improvement with SAQ equipment on many variables compared to w/o SAQ equip train, however there seems to be really no big different improvements when looking at each variable. Suggest that although SAQ equip could be handy, equip training itself cannot be said to be superior compared to no equip training.

What is the refractory period?

Delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli. How soon a person can switch from making a goal-...

Handball: How It's Played

Players advance the ball down the court by dribbling and passing. They are allowed to dribble for an unlimited amount of time, run with the ball for up to three steps before and after dribbling, and hold the ball without moving for three seconds. Players are not allowed to pull, hit, or punch the ball out of an opponent's hands, endanger an opponent with the ball, or make contact with the ball below the knees. Free throws are awarded to the opponent in the event of minor fouls or violations. A seven-meter penalty shot is awarded to the opponent when major violations are committed.

Skills & Techniques

Basic Catching Technique

• The thumbs and fingers should form the shape of a triangle.
• Both hands form a "bowl/basket,"

Handball Rules of Play and Essential Techniques

1. Game Duration Regulations

A match is played in two periods, each 30 minutes long, with a 120 minute break. The clock is not stopped when the ball leaves the court.

2. Ball Handling Violations

When a player violates these rules, their team loses possession of the ball. Violations include:

• A player takes more than three steps holding the ball without bouncing it.
• Touching the ball with the hand, without bouncing it, several times in a row, or holding it for more than 3 seconds.
• Bouncing the ball, catching it with both hands, and then proceeding to bounce it again (a double dribble).
• Touching the ball with the knees or elbow.
• Entering the goal area to obtain an advantage.

3. Player Contact Regulations

A...