Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Baccalaureate

Key Characteristics of Children's Toys

The main characteristics of a toy are as follows: A toy is any object or material that children use in their games. A child may even attribute the value of a toy to objects initially created for another purpose. For example, a blanket can become a hut or a house. Therefore, the first feature is that the toy emerges as a spontaneous creation.

The toy is a resource used to play, but it is not essential to develop the game. The toy is just an instrument; the important thing is the game itself. Play is an essential element in a child’s life and development, which can occur with or without a toy. The less structured and sophisticated a toy is, the more it favors imagination development and play possibilities....

Pole Vault: Technique, Rules and History

The pole vault is a track and field event that challenges athletes to clear a horizontal bar set at height using a flexible pole. This pole is usually 4 to 5 meters long and is commonly made of fiberglass and carbon fiber, which replaced bamboo and metal in the early 1960s. Athletes have three attempts to clear each height; they are eliminated if they record three consecutive failures.

Reasons for a Failed Attempt

No-attempt (failed) attempts occur for these reasons:

• The bar does not remain on the supports as a result of the athlete's jump.
• The athlete and the pole touch the ground or landing area beyond the vertical plane of the top edge of the box without clearing the bar.
• After takeoff, the lower hand is

Badminton Fundamentals

Understanding Core Badminton Rules

Players score points by striking the birdie with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' side of the court. Each side may only strike the birdie once before it passes over the net. A rally ends once the birdie has struck the floor, or if a fault has been called by either the umpire or service judge, or, in their absence, by the players.

Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally, regardless of whether they served. A match is the best of three games. If the score reaches 20-all, then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24-22), up to a maximum of 30 points (30-29 is a winning score)...

Michelangelo's David (1501-1504)

David, created between 1501 and 1504, is a youthful work completed when Michelangelo was just 26 years old. He was presented with a magnificent block of marble, without streaks or imperfections, that had been abandoned in the courtyard of the cathedral. The block's narrow lateral profile posed a significant technical challenge.

The creation of David was conducted in the utmost secrecy (with only one day of viewing allowed for the Florentines). Experts believe that Michelangelo did not use a live model.

With this work, the artist embodied the prototype of the hero who triumphs through intelligence over brute strength. This theme resonated deeply with the Florentines, potentially serving as a metaphor for the greatness...

E. Physical Basketball 2nd Quarter

Definition

Basketball is a sport involving two teams of five players. The objective is to score more points than the opposing team by shooting a basketball into the opponent's basket while following a set of rules.

Court Dimensions

• Length: 28 meters
• Width: 15 meters
• Basket Height: 3.65 meters

Regulations

• Game Duration: 4 periods of 10 minutes each
• Possession Time: 24 seconds
• Time to Advance Ball: 8 seconds to move the ball into the opponent's half-court
• Time with Ball in Play: 5 seconds to make a play when closely guarded
• 3-Second Violation: Offensive players cannot stay in the restricted area (paint) for more than 3 seconds

Scoring

• Field Goal (inside the 3-point line): 2 points
• Field Goal (outside the 3-point line): 3 points
• Free

Volleyball Fundamentals

History of Volleyball

Volleyball was invented in the USA around 1900. It was originally intended to be played indoors by any number of players. Later, volleyball was adapted for play on sand or grass. Volleyball was first played in the Summer Olympic Games in 1964.

Court Dimensions & Net Heights

• Court Dimensions: 18 x 9 meters
• Net Heights:
  • 2.24 meters for women
  • 2.43 meters for men

Basic Rules of Volleyball

• Two teams of six players.
• The match is won by the team that wins the best out of five games.
• Each game is played to 25 points.
• The objective of the game is to hit the ball over a net, hoping the opposing team will not return it to your side of the court.
• A team receives a point when the ball lands in the opponent’s court

Classification of Training Systems

Training systems are broadly categorized into natural systems and artificial (or structured) systems. Natural systems refer to those that occur organically in nature. Artificial systems, on the other hand, require specific characteristics, structured environments, and are often divided by various components or phases.

General Classification Adopted

The general classification we will adopt includes:

• Continuous Systems: Performed without pause.
• Fractional Systems: Characterized by dividing the training load into parts, separated by recovery breaks.
• Mixed Systems: Incorporate characteristics from both continuous and fractional approaches.

Continuous Systems

In principle, continuous system training is exemplified by continuous

Traditional Sports and Popular Games

The Essence of the Game

Game: Action and free as a spontaneous finality. The activity itself is the very same. It differs from sports in its social impact.

Differences Between Traditional Games and Modern Sports

• Regulation: Simple and modifiable / Strict and standardized
• Variability: Variable from one territory to another / Universal
• Purpose: Recreation / Competitive
• Accessibility: Open to all people / Specialists
• Financial Incentive: Without lucrative fines / Tendency to professionalism
• Context: Centered around labor activities and daily life, related to the context of the people / Developed in rural and urban scopes

Terminology in Physical Activity

Games and sports, physical activity, physical fitness, physical education,...

Suffix

A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word.

Example: Comfort = comfortable, Comic = comical, Beauty = beautiful, Strong = strongest, Big = bigger

Morpheme

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Free Morphemes

Free morphemes can stand alone and carry basic meaning.

• Lexical: Carry the content or meaning of the message, such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
• Functional: Do not carry the content of a message but help the grammar of the sentence, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.

Bound Morphemes

Bound morphemes can't stand alone. They include prefixes and suffixes, which are added to the root word.

• Derivational: Change the meaning of the root word.
• Inflectional: Do not change the meaning but