Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Baccalaureate

Bones

Types:

• Short or cubic (tarsal foot)
• Long (metacarpal, femur)
• Wide or flat (skull, sternum)

Joints

• Synarthrosis (without mobility, cranial sutures)
• Cartilaginous joints (little mobility)
  • Syndesmosis (inferior tibiofibular)
  • Synchondrosis (rib or sternum)
• Synovial (high mobility)
  • Artrodia joint (carpal ligament wrist)
  • Condyloid (biaxial and spherical line radio and carpal bones)
  • Ball and socket joint (multiaxial, spherically shoulder, elbow)
  • Trochlea (hinge ankle, knee)
  • Saddle (thumb)
  • Pivot (trochus radioulnar joint)

Bone Structure

• Vein, nerve, artery, Haversian canal, osteoblasts, lamellae, blood vessels, osteons
• Bone marrow, spongy bone, artery, vein, cortical bone, osteon, periosteum, nerve

Muscle Layers

Types: Smooth, cardiac, skeletal (voluntary/striated)...

Joint Mobility and Injury Prevention

Joint mobility exercises are an important part of warming up. They are intended to increase the range of motion of the different structures forming the joints, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Active Warming Up

Active warming up is the start of any physical activity. It is typically divided into five phases:

1. Joint mobility
2. Dynamic stretching
3. Generic dynamic exercises
4. Short rest
5. Specific exercises

Muscle Injuries

A muscle pull is often caused by a lack of proper stretching or insufficient muscle warm-up.

Warming Up

Warming up involves a progressive and gradual mobilization of all muscles and joints to avoid injuries. Types of warm-ups include:

• Rehabilitative: For those who have been injured, including massages,

In the world of body expression, we can differentiate three groups: without the use of words, using words, and with music.

Without the use of words:

These are forms of rich verbal communication. They use basic elements of body expression as a fundamental form of communication. They are used for physical education and movement since body language is a fundamental communication channel.

Mime:

Mime dates back to Ancient Greece, involving two or three characters, and the representation was entirely silent. In Rome, it became a popular genre, and in the first farces, expression relied on oral communication. Over time, oral expression was lost, and mime could be used for political satire or retaliation. Mime is considered the first form of expression...

The Invention and Early Spread of Basketball

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by Canadian Catholic educator James Naismith. As an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Springfield, Massachusetts, he sought a suitable indoor game for the winter months. The game incorporated elements of American football, soccer, and hockey. Initially, teams had nine players, used a soccer ball, and aimed for wooden baskets fixed to walls. By 1897, five-player teams became standard. The game quickly spread across the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world, enjoyed by both men and women. American soldiers during World War II further popularized the game internationally.

Basketball's Mid-Century Struggle

By the mid-20th...

Introduction to Donatello's David

Donatello's David (1444) is a bronze sculpture standing at 1.59 meters, created during the Quattrocento and currently housed in the Bargello Museum in Florence. This figure is an exempt sculpture and represents a milestone in Renaissance art. It is the first major free-standing bronze nude or "round body" created by a European artist since antiquity.

The sculpture represents David, the biblical hero who becomes the King of the Jews, after overcoming the giant Goliath. He is depicted having just cut off the head of his enemy. The work was commissioned by Cosimo de' Medici the Elder.

Analysis and Artistic Characteristics

This David does not boast typical heroism; instead, he appears extremely sensual, naive, and...

What is Volleyball?

Volleyball is a team sport where two teams of six players each face off on a flat court, separated by a central net. The objective is to pass the ball over the net into the opponent's court.

When Was Volleyball Created?

Volleyball was created in 1895 in Massachusetts, USA.

Who Created Volleyball?

William G. Morgan created volleyball.

Why Was Volleyball Created?

Volleyball was created because Morgan wanted a sport that could be played indoors and incorporate movements similar to basketball, but with less physical contact.

Olympic Debut and World Championships

The first Olympic volleyball matches were held in Tokyo, Japan, in 1964. However, world championships were held earlier: in 1949 for men and 1952 for women.

Purpose of Volleyball

The...

Crawl (Freestyle)

Body position

Body position: As horizontal as possible to minimize resistance. Do not let the feet sink or raise the head. Keep the shoulders rolled but aligned and relaxed.

Breathing

Breathing: Breathe through the mouth and nose as needed. Breathe to the side by turning the trunk; the mouth reaches the surface when the elbow leaves the water while the opposite arm is extending. Maximum inspiration occurs when the head is at its highest point. Inhalation is taken with roughly half the face out of the water. There should be a continuous inspiration–expiration cycle (avoid prolonged apnea).

Action legs

Action legs: Flutter kick (a quick flapping movement). The main function is to stabilize hip movement. Movement originates from...

Flexibility Work Recommendations

To improve flexibility, it's essential to work on specific muscle groups and joints.

Effects of Flexibility on the Nervous System

Flexibility improves the quality and speed of stimuli, through which nerves reach the muscles to act.

Understanding Breathing

Breathing is the process by which gas exchange occurs, facilitating the oxygen necessary for sustaining life and the output of carbon dioxide. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's pH balance.

Controlling Breathing

Breathing can be controlled both physically and mentally. It is the only vital function that escapes the split between voluntary and involuntary control.

Phases of Respiration

• Expiration: Of great importance, since expelling the stale air

Models of Disability

Social Model of Disability

• Core Concept: A person is limited by environmental barriers, not by their impairment.
• Keys: Social oppression, cultural discourse, environmental barriers.
• Strengths:
  • Straightforward and clear agenda for change.
  • Focuses on the liberation of disabled people.
  • Fosters a positive sense of collective identity.
• Weaknesses:
  • May neglect the lived experience of disability (e.g., the personal impact of impairment).
  • Can overlook individual experiences, assuming every disabled person is oppressed.

Medical Model of Disability

• Core Concept: People are disabled by their impairments or disabilities, which are seen as individual deficits.

Foundational Concepts for Inclusion

Ethics of Inclusion

• Embrace difference and diversity.

Basketball Player Positions

1. Point Guard or 'Playmaker'
2. Shooting Guard
3. Small Forward or Forward
4. Power Forward
5. Center

Pivoting Technique

Pivoting, or turning, requires you to keep one foot (your pivot foot) stationary while you turn or spin your body around on the ball of that pivot foot. This allows you to change direction while holding the ball, following specific movement rules.

Shooting Fundamentals

For more potential power when shooting a basketball, slightly bend your knees before the shot. Your dominant hand should grip the ball with fingers spread out, using your fingertips. Your other hand should support the ball on the side.

Executing a Layup

A layup is a two-point shot attempt typically made by leaping from below the hoop, laying the ball up...