Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

The School as a System

A school system is defined as a set of interconnected elements forming a cohesive structure, with processes of interaction that produce results over time. These results are integrated within a larger system or environment, much like a computer, a car, a living being, or human society.

Key Features of Systems

• They are formed by interconnected elements.
• Each element has a specific function and relates to others.
• The relationships between elements evolve over time.
• When multiple elements coordinate, they can perform new functions.
• Systems both receive and generate information from their environment.

Systemic Perspective in Schools

Applying a systemic perspective to schools highlights several specific aspects:

• Communication
• Interrelation
• Globality
• Dynamism
• Self-

Understanding the L-1 Status

The institutions created to organize the life and activities of people living within the same territory are governed by certain laws:

Key Elements of a State

• Territory: Well-defined borders distinguish it from other states.
• Population: People living within the state's territory are subject to its power and laws, with corresponding rights and obligations.
• Power: The state performs several crucial functions:

Functions of the State

• Sets the laws governing social relations. In democratic countries, these laws are made in Parliament.
• Enforces laws through the judiciary.
• Maintains order within its territory and ensures external security.
• Holds exclusive competence in foreign policy (relations with other states).
• Collects taxes,

Globalisation is the emerge of a globalized economy based on new systems of production, finance and consumption. There are 4 approaches of globalisation. Fist of all, we have The world-systems approach which is based on the distinction between core, semi peripheral and peripheral countries in terms of their changing roles in the international division. Core countries develop high skills, while the periphery focuses on low-skill and intensive production. This situation favours the dominance of the core over the periphery.It is sometimes considered to be too economistic and not focus enough on the cultural issues. (EX: Nike`s factory in Cambodia). The second approach is the globalization of culture, which focuses more on ideas of an emerging...

The Origins of the European Union

After World War II (1939-1945), the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, dwarfing the power of European nations. To counterbalance this new world order and foster cooperation, European countries decided to establish a continent-wide organization.

Their objectives were twofold:

• To safeguard peace and prevent future conflicts.
• To collectively compete with the superpowers on the global stage.

Key Milestones in EU Formation

1950: On May 9th, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed the creation of a united Europe.

1951: Six countries—Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands—agreed to pool their coal and steel resources, forming the European Coal and Steel Community...

Question 31-40

31) According to Carly Florina, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard.. D) connecting.

32) An important leadership task involves articulating (except).. C) status.

33) In addition to "selling" their visions, top management.. C) a cadre of globally oriented managers.

34) Yong Nam, CEO of LG, recently.. C) impede information sharing.

35) The ability to speak foreign languages.. A) There are 200 million Chinese children

36) Indra K. Nooyi is chief executive.. B) PepsiCo (USA).

37) Inge G. Thulin is chief executive .. B) 3M (USA).

38) Which of the following has an American woman as the chief executive.. B) PepsiCo (USA)

39) Brazilian Carlos Ghosn is chief executive.. A) Nissan Motor (Japan).

40) Howard Stringer, a native of the United Kingdom.. D)...

15junA(rise)2-3/FFT/a.Locate/b.Secure/c.Eclipse/d.Monitor/BCB
15junB(biling)1-2/TTF/a.Inquiry/b.Evidence/c.Dementina/d.Hyphotesis/ABB

15julA(child)1,4-2/FFT/a.Junk/b.Poverty/c.Laid off/CBA
15julB(insta)1-2/FTT/a.Encorauges/n.Demand/c.Reaches/d.Look/BCB

14junA(research)2-3/FFT/a.Actually/b.Strenght/c.Impact/d.Declining/CBB
14junB(rural)2-4/TTF/a.Prosper/b.Provide/c.Entrepreneur/d.Groceries/CAC

14julA(spain)1-3/FTF/a.Set up/b.Alternative/c.Resulted in/d.chance/CAB
14julB(turning)1-3/TTF/a.Avaible/b.Booming/c.Impressive/d.Displace/ABA

13junA(twitter)3-5/FTF/a.Opportunity/b.Scheme/c.Issue/d.Actually/BBC
13junB(teen)3-4/FTF/a.Transition/b.Concerned/c.Baffled/d.Massive/CBA

13julA(cigar)2-4/FTF/a.Ban/b.Appealing/c.Plain/d.Requiring/BCA
13julB(tabl)2-3/FTF/a....

Model Code of Conduct

In addition to the laws, all political parties in the country have agreed to a model code of conduct for the election campaign. This includes:

• (i) Any place of worship shall not be used for election propaganda.
• (ii) Criticism of the opposing candidates shall be limited to their policies and programs, past record of public service, and not mention of their private personal lives.
• (iii) Government official transport like cars, vehicles, machinery, aircraft, and personnel shall not be used by government officials or ministers.
• (iv) No posters, pamphlets, notices, or slogans shall be placed on any building without the permission of the owner.
• (v) After the elections have been announced, no minister shall lay down foundation stones

Government: The organs of the state, comprising the executive (president, vice presidents, ministers, and other comparable bodies). Voting rules include: 1) Majority rule—the party with the most votes forms the government; other policy options are excluded. These governments tend to be more stable. 2) Proportional representation—the government is formed according to each party's vote share, often requiring coalitions.

Parliament and Political Parties: Three ways to influence government decisions:

• As a legislative body, preparing, discussing, and approving laws.
• Controlling the executive branch's actions.
• Using parliamentary debates to shape public opinion on economic policy (note that some economic policy instruments, due to the element of

The Human Basis of the State: Population, People, and Nation

B) People.

It is the human basis of the state. A first concept may be: the set of individuals who are under state jurisdiction. However, it should distinguish between three concepts: population, people, and nation.

a) Population

When using this term, it is usually done with a mathematical or statistical sense. Population means here the sum of all the individuals who compose the nation. Numeric data is useful to quantify, measure, and classify the human component of the state. From this point of view, it relates to other concepts that also have a political impact, including: census, population of fact and law, birth rate, mortality, etc.

b) People

However, the concept of "people" goes beyond...

United Nations (UN)

The UN facilitates international cooperation in law, security, development, human rights, and peace.

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Focuses on education, science, and culture.

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization: Leads efforts to combat hunger and improve nutrition.

ILO

International Labour Organization: Addresses labor issues and work relations.

UNICEF

United Nations International Children's Fund: Provides aid to children globally.

WHO

World Health Organization: Coordinates international public health initiatives.

IAEA

International Atomic Energy Agency: Promotes peaceful use of nuclear energy.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: A military alliance for collective defense.

OPEC

Organization