Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

Evolution of the Franco Regime

1939–1959: The First Period

During this era, the regime implemented a dictatorial policy characterized by autarky. The international alignment defined the first period of the regime.

1960–1975: Political and Economic Development

This period saw a shift toward authoritarianism and economic development. Starting April 1, the regime experienced demographic growth and improvements in the quality of life and social standards.

Ideological Foundations

• Anti-parliamentarism and Anti-liberalism: These ideas were influenced by European fascist manifestations.
• Anti-communism: The regime maintained radical opposition to communist ideology, particularly during the Cold War.
• National Catholicism: The Church legitimized the Francoist

Conceptions of Nationhood and Nationalism

The term "nation" originally designated a group of people born in one place who were under the power of a monarch. There are two different conceptions of nationhood:

• The German romantic natural conception of the nation.
• The French political conception of the nation proposed by theorists.

Nationalism manifested through two primary processes: nationalizing policies and nationalist movements. States sought to develop national sentiment, patriotic pride, and the standardized use of a language.

Dispersing Nationalist Movements

Some nationalist movements led to the fragmentation of existing political entities. For example, Belgium separated from the Netherlands in 1830 to become an independent state. One of the...

The Context of Literary Change

In the late eighteenth century, the French Revolution (1789) introduced a new political framework. Society was divided into absolutists and liberals. This coincided with the Industrial Revolution, which spread throughout Europe in the nineteenth century. In Spain, the situation was exacerbated by the Napoleonic invasion and the War of Independence. Subsequently, Ferdinand VII restored absolutism.

Romantic Literature Characteristics

• Freedom, originality, individualism.
• Vibrant expression and rhetoric.
• Rebellion, evasion, projection onto nature, and nationalism.

Romantic Literature Sources

Influences include Goethe (Faust) and the Romantic poet Lord Byron.

Romantic Poetry

Characterized by polimetría (mixed verse and stanza...

Restoration, Liberalism, and Nationalism

The Restoration of Europe

Between 1814 and 1815, the nations that defeated Napoleon met at the Congress of Vienna, following a proposal by the Austrian Chancellor Metternich. Their primary goal was the restoration of monarchical absolutism.

After reinstating monarchs to their thrones, the four great powers—Russia, Britain, Prussia, and Austria—redrew the map of Europe for their own benefit, disregarding the national aspirations of the people. France was returned to its 1792 borders, and the Napoleonic Empire was divided among the victors.

The decisions of the Congress of Vienna were complemented by the Holy Alliance (1815), a treaty of mutual assistance among European monarchs against the threat of liberal...

National Security and the Liberal Union

• Civil Guard: The Civil Guard Corps is the first public national security force to emerge in Spain. It is an Armed Institute of a military nature that is part of the Security Forces in the country. As part of the State Security Corps, the Constitution, in Article 104, sets the primary mission of protecting the free exercise of rights and liberties of the Spanish people and guaranteeing public security under the dependence of the Government of the Nation.
• Liberal Union: The Liberal Union was a Spanish political party of the second half of the nineteenth century, founded by Leopoldo O'Donnell in 1858 with the intention to unite the moderates of the absolutist reign of Elizabeth II and the less exalted progressives

The 1812 Constitution of Cadiz

The Constitution of Cadiz was the first liberal constitution of Spain. It limited the power of the monarch and recognized the Cortes as the repository of national sovereignty. It established the rights and freedoms of citizens and was fundamental for the future introduction of liberal government in Spain. It was enacted in 1812.

Mendizabal and the Sale of Church Lands

The disentailment (the sale) represented the initial steps of the Liberal government led by Mendizabal. These measures aimed to counteract religious power and find a solution to the economic crisis in Spain. Church lands were confiscated and put up for tender so that the peasantry could potentially own property.

Carlists and Liberals

The Carlists supported...

Spanish Constitution of 1812

• Form of Government: Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy
• Executive Branch: King and Ministers
• Legislature: Parliament and King (with "suspensive veto on laws")
• Judiciary: Independent
• Suffrage: Universal Male Suffrage (Indirect)
• State Religion: Confessional (Catholic)
• Established wide rights and freedoms.
• Cortes: Unicameral

Spanish Constitution of 1869

• Constitutional Monarchy
• Sovereignty: National
• Complete Separation of Powers
• Suffrage: Direct Universal Male Suffrage
• Non-denominational State (Secular)
• Guaranteed rights including Religious Freedom, education, and the right to inviolability of information.

Key Ideologies: Liberalism and Nationalism

Liberalism was the ideology defending individual freedom, a core value during the Restoration...

The Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic

The transition from the monarchy to the Second Spanish Republic marked a pivotal moment in Spain's modern history, characterized by intense political restructuring and social mobilization.

The Crisis of the Monarchy (1930)

During 1930, popular mobilizations were occurring in favor of democracy to restructure the political parties in favor of the Republic. There were several parties within these, led by figures such as Niceto Alcalá Zamora, Miguel Maura, and Manuel Azaña.

The Pact of San Sebastian was a meeting held in San Sebastian by Republican sectors, monarchists, and critics of the dictatorship and the monarchy of Alfonso XIII. There, it was agreed to:

• End the monarchy
• Proclaim the Republic
• Hold

Understanding Social Classes

Social classes are not just fundamental social structures; they are also the result of social stratification. They are sets of individuals with similar power, incomes, and occupations at different levels in a stratified society. This means that social classes are defined by their varying wealth, participation in the economy, social status, and power within a given society. It does not involve strict, deliberate classification, as no one intentionally points to a class with established purposes. Rather, it refers to a set of people with a similar economic situation.

Levels of Public Administration

In all modern countries, the size of the administration is considerable. In our country, administration is divided into...

Biographies and Literary Analysis

Homer's Biography: His literary value has remained influential through the centuries. His work is timeless. Cervantes' Biography: Miguel de Cervantes, a Spanish novelist and dramatic poet, was born on September 29, 1547, and died on April 22, 1616, in Madrid. He is considered a top figure in Spanish literature. The Martian Chronicles: This work reveals an atmosphere of terror and loneliness, with a great narrative culture and intense irony. Its intention was a humanist speech. Alejo Carpio's Biography: A novelist, essayist, and Cuban musicologist who greatly influenced Latin American literature. He began studying architecture but failed. He then worked as a journalist and participated in leftist political movements....