Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

Marx's Critique of Feuerbach and Hegelian Idealism

Marx's critique of Feuerbach challenged the Hegelian idealistic philosophy in their interpretation of dialectics, replacing the *spirit* with *matter*.

Religious Alienation According to Feuerbach

Feuerbach understood that the starting point for a philosophical explanation of reality in its development is not the Spirit, but Nature. He posited that human beings have created God in their own image and likeness. This God, created by humans, becomes objectified. Feuerbach termed this process "religious alienation," giving it a negative connotation.

Marx was more radical than Feuerbach, seeing Feuerbach's materialism as still abstract for maintaining religious sentiment.

Socioeconomic Alienation in Capitalist

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The Industrial Revolution: A New Era of Production

First Industrial Revolution (c. 1760-1840)

Key Innovations and Drivers:

• The Machine Age: The invention of new machinery marked a significant shift.
• Demographic Changes: Population growth and mortality rates influenced societal structures.
• Resource Availability: Abundant raw materials like coal and cotton were crucial.
• Improved Communication: A good network of communication facilitated trade and the spread of ideas.
• Entrepreneurial Spirit: A wealthy bourgeoisie was ready to invest capital.

Energy Sources and Industries:

• Steam Power: The steam engine, developed around 1782, revolutionized industry.
• Coal: Coal was the primary energy source for steam engines.
• Key Industries: Textiles and metallurgy were early

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A

• Agreement: A mutual understanding between people.
• Amend: To change or improve something.
• Analyze: To separate something into parts and examine them.
• Approach: To come closer or near.
• Argument: A strong disagreement.

B

• Banish: To make someone leave a place.

C

• Campaign: A series of actions toward a goal.
• Characteristic: A specific feature.
• Citizen: A person who is a member of a country.
• Compare: To look at how things are alike.
• Complaint: To tell others that you are unhappy.
• Conflict: A fight between two or more people or groups.
• Connection: Things in common.
• Culture: A set of beliefs and customs.

D

• Damage: Harm that is done.
• Debate: To discuss different views.
• Delegate: A person who has power to speak for others.
• Democracy: The power to vote for what people believe

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How Does the State Participate in the Economy?

United States of America

The State does not participate in regulating the market and economy. For example, in the USA, there is no minimum salary approved by law or severance pay if someone is dismissed.

Sweden

The State participates in regulating the basic economic and labor issues. For example, there is a minimum salary approved by law and severance pay if you are dismissed.

Cuba

The State regulates nearly all aspects that affect citizens, such as salaries and the prices of basic products.

Is Civil Society Involved in the Welfare State?

United States of America

There are plenty of civil society associations to help needy citizens because their basic needs are not covered at all. This service is given...

National Sovereignty

Concept that political power governing a country belongs to the people

Citizen

Subject of a country, who has rights and responsibilities

Political Party

Organization of people with a common ideology

Trade Union, Sindicato

Organization that defends worker rights

Parliamentary Monarchy

Type of monarchy in which the king has no real political power

General State Budget, Presupuesto General de Estado

Annual plans for the expenses and income of the state

Motion of Censure

Vote to demand political responsibility from the government, it must induce a candidate for president

Politics

Refers to all activities related to organization and government of human society

- The 'world anthropologies' project wants to contribute to the articulation of a diversified anthropology that is more aware of the social, epistemological, and political conditions of its own production.

- The network has three main goals:

1. to examine critically the international dissemination of anthropology (whose work is funded and published and who's not) and the processes through which this dissemination takes place (who controls the publishing industry and which form of ethnography is recognized);
2. to contribute to the development of a plural landscape of anthropologies that is both less shaped by metropolitan hegemonies (academic English for example) and more open to the potential of globalization for a multiplicity of languages (the language

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The Rise and Development of the Labor Movement

The labor movement refers to the collective actions carried out by workers to improve their economic and political situation. In the beginning, the labor movement often promoted violence against employers and the destruction of machinery, which workers blamed for the loss of jobs and low wages.

In later dates, workers' unions or associations were created. Their primary objectives were the improvement of working conditions and wages.

Key Ideologies and Movements

Luddism

This movement rejected protest through the destruction of industrial machines, viewing technology as the cause of unemployment and poor conditions.

Socialism

Socialism was formulated primarily by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Its aim...

Constitution

A Constitution is a set of fundamental laws (whether codified as a written document or not) that people have made and agreed upon for governance. A constitution enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity.

Bourgeois Revolution

A Bourgeois Revolution is a sudden political change led by the Bourgeoisie that transforms the life of people in a short lapse of time. A society based on the Estates of the Realm gave way to a liberal society. In many countries of Europe and America, these social transformations took place from the late 1700s and throughout the 19th century.

The Estates General

The Estates General was a consultative French assembly that brought together the three Estates of the Realm of the Ancien Régime....

It is generally accepted that most people spend a long time in front of the TV, especially consuming reality shows. In this discussion, we will focus on how these shows might be harmful for viewers.

Probably the most important issue is that these shows are watched by many people, perhaps because they do not require high concentration or previous knowledge about any field. Many people find reality shows entertaining. Interestingly, many people agree on the idea of watching how famous people live with each other or do little games in order to compete. Although I am not willing to spend hours in front of the TV watching it, many people find it more entertaining than going out for instance.

Nevertheless, there is an important issue. There has been...

European Language Families

Slavic Languages

South Slavic:

• Slovenian
• Croatian
• Bosnian
• Serbian
• Bulgarian
• Macedonian
• Old Church Slavonic (Extinct)

Note: These languages were formerly grouped under Yugoslavia. Montenegrin is a sub-national variety.

East Slavic:

• Russian
• Belarusian
• Ukrainian
• Rusyn

Note: Rusyn and Ruthenian are considered sub-national varieties. The terms "Great Russian" and "Little Russian" (referring to Ukrainian) are extinct and considered offensive, as they imply Ukrainian language subordination.

West Slavic:

• Polish
• Czech
• Slovak
• Sorbian
• Kashubian
• Polabian (Extinct)

Note: Kashubian and Lachian are considered sub-national varieties. Slovincian is another extinct West Slavic language.

Germanic Languages

East Germanic:

• Gothic (Extinct)

North Germanic:

• Danish
• Swedish
• Norwegian
• Icelandic
• Faroese

West

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