Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The Regency of Maria Cristina

The political system established by Cánovas during the Restoration consolidated following the death of Alfonso XII, addressing the institutional vacuum left by the absence of a male heir. Maria Cristina held the regency until her posthumous son, Alfonso XIII, reached the age of majority. The Pact of El Pardo, an agreement between Cánovas and Sagasta, determined the rotation of parties and solidified the political foundation of the Regency.

The Long Parliament (1886–1890)

The Long Parliament earned its name due to its extended duration. It began with the resignation of Cánovas and the appointment of Sagasta as Prime Minister, ending when the Conservative Party returned Cánovas to the head of government. This...

Linguistic Features of Latin American Spanish

Today, there are approximately 300 million Spanish speakers. It is the official language in 18 republics, while in Puerto Rico, it shares official status with English. Its presence has expanded significantly across various areas of the United States, including California, Texas, Florida, and New York City.

Historical Roots and Phonetic Traits

The characteristic features of Latin American Spanish are closely linked to southern Spain. During the conquest and colonization of America, many settlers arrived from Andalusia, Extremadura, and the Canary Islands. This led to specific linguistic phenomena, such as:

• Aspiration of the "s" at the end of syllables.
• Seseo (the use of the "s" sound for "z" and "c").

Society: New Ideas and Profound Social Changes

T8:

Liberal Economic and Political Signaled Profound Social Changes

The liberal economic and political sign gave way to profound social changes. The estates system ended with the cancellation of tax privileges and jurisdictional legal equality rights. Citizenship was granted to all, and social classes were established. Dramatic economic differences arose between the bourgeoisie and the workers.

New Leadership Groups

We can distinguish between the upper classes:

• Nobility converted: Bourgeoisie owners or landlords (business, industrial, agricultural, financier, and senior military and administration).
• Middle Class: Professionals, middle-status owners, and employees.

As for the popular classes, they were...

Sociocultural Context of Early 20th Century Spain

The sociocultural context of the twentieth century until 1939 was defined by the loss of the last colonies. The loss of Cuba and the Philippines became a wake-up call for intellectuals and Spanish politicians, fostering a clear awareness of the crisis facing the country. Spain entered the twentieth century as a nation in decline with serious problems in all aspects, including a deep economic crisis.

Political Regimes and the Second Republic

Various political regimes occurred during this time: the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, and the Second Republic, which was proclaimed in April 1931. Five years later, a military uprising against the Republic took place. In 1931,...

Text and its Properties

Linguistic Competence

• Knowing the rules for building sentences.

Communicative Competence

• Knowledge of strategies for constructing texts.

Written Communication Unit

A written communication unit meets a specific intention. The goal is to convince and drive full communication. It is enunciated in a context and has a known structure.

Textual Properties

• Adaptation
• Coherence
  • Theme: Known information, what is spoken about, the starting point of the idea.
  • Rheme: New information, what is called the item, information contribution to the subject.

  For ideas to be developed consistently in the text, there should be Theme Progression:

  • Steady progression
  • Linear progression
  • Derived theme progression
• Text Structuring
  • Inductive structure
  • Deductive structure
  • Circular

Historical Setting

Jean-Jacques Rousseau belongs to the Enlightenment (18th century), which concluded with the French Revolution in 1789. The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that significantly impacted politics, art, religion, and literature. Its aim was to spread the light of reason against dogmatism, superstition, and fanaticism, leading to the era being known as the Century of Reason.

Characteristics of the Enlightenment

• Definition: A worldview centered on humanity, characterized by blind faith in reason and science.
• Optimism: Belief in the power of reason to reorganize society based on rational principles.
• Human Confidence: Humanity is self-aware and capable of recognizing its own strengths and weaknesses.
• Reason: Based on enlightened

Catalan Autonomy

The Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation, proclaimed by Francesc Macià, lasted only four days. The Catalan nationalists had to renounce national sovereignty and the federal status. In June, a committee met in Nuria and completed the draft project of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (l'avantprojecte de l'Estatut d'Autonomia de Catalunya). It was approved by popular referendum but suffered delays and significant cuts.

The Statute of Autonomy

The Nuria Statute proclaimed Catalonia's right to self-determination and envisioned the Spanish State as a federation. Catalonia was to be an autonomous state within the Spanish Republic. The draft also contained provisions for the aggregation of new territories, defended the...

8GAIA: Labor Movement and Social Change

8.1 Social Problems (Arazo)

In the second half of the 19th century, economic development and the expansion of the railway increased the exodus of farmers and agricultural labourers to the cities. As a result, many districts were poor (pobra zeuden) and public health conditions deteriorated. The liberal government considered education a municipal responsibility and did not allocate sufficient funds. Municipalities (udalek) and other public services offered very precarious provision (zituzten gabezia), which created a major social problem.

8.2 The Workers' Movement (Langile Movement)

The emancipation of the working class in Europe from around 1850 brought claims and protests against established ideologies of...

The Constitution of 1812: La Pepa

The Central Junta, located in Cadiz, dissolved itself due to its incompetence in organizing the conflict. It established a five-member interim government; however, these members were very conservative, leading to significant pressure from Cadiz liberals. Before its dissolution, the Junta decided to convene the Cortes due to the threat of rebellion in the American colonies.

Because of the ongoing conflict, not all Spanish representatives could attend. They were replaced by liberal-minded members residing in Cadiz. The assembly lacked representatives from the clergy, the nobility, and the working class or women. Most representatives were members of the commercial bourgeoisie and the middle class.

Political Factions