Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The Abolition of Feudalism and the Decree of 1811

A decree of great interest from a social point of view was the abolition of jurisdictional manors (August 6, 1811), as it represented the end of feudalism and the traditional social structure. The decree settled the rights of jurisdiction of the lord over his subjects (administrative and judicial functions) that belong to the state, but maintained the right to property (territorial dominion) and mayorazgo.

Economic Liberalization and the End of Privileges

From a legal point of view, several measures were enacted between April and September 1813 aimed at ending obstacles to economic development. These included the liberalization of crops and the confiscation of properties (in the French style) of...

Roles Within the Working Group

There are three categories of clearly distinct roles:

A) Performance Roles

These roles facilitate and coordinate efforts to achieve the objective of the group. We can point out the following:

• Starters: Provide new ideas on how to proceed.
• Information Seekers: Seek facts, data, and information to solve the problem.
• Providers of Information: Provide accurate data and facts.
• Coordinators: Organize facts, ideas, and opinions.

B) Maintenance Roles

These roles stimulate human relations in the group, maintaining internal union and strengthening cohesion. Roles are developed by:

• Facilitators: Help reduce tensions and disputes.
• Caregivers: They cause others to participate in the discussions.
• Negotiators: Modify views to achieve the

The Glorious Thirty: Post-War European Economic Boom (1945–1973)

Thanks to financial support and technological advancements, European countries experienced significant economic growth following World War II. This stage is known as the Glorious Thirty (1945–1973).

Key Features of the Glorious Thirty

• Sustained Economic Growth.
• Shift to Consumer Goods: Heavy industry was gradually displaced by the production of consumer goods, fostering a society of consumption and encouraging the consumption of domestic products.
• Tertiarization: The service sector peaked, while agriculture's economic contribution decreased.
• Demographic Shifts: Characterized by rural depopulation, the baby boom of the sixties, and increased migration.
• Women's Role: The role of women

Scientific and Technical Texts

Scientific Texts: Refer to general and abstract knowledge about a subject.

Technical Texts: Refer to applications of knowledge.

Characteristics

• Specialized topics
• Specific purposes (or communicative intention)
• High degree of formality
• Written channel
• Academic field of use and dissemination of publications
• Specific language

The Language of Scientific and Technical Texts

Pursuit of objectivity, cool and impersonal language: enunciative sentences, rejection of stylistic ornamentation, present tense, passive voice.

Precise and clear vocabulary: using univocal terms, rejection of ambiguity (symbols), words of Greek or Latin origin.

Lexicon of Scientific and Technical Training

Regular language mechanisms:

• Derivation: power of language
• Composition:

Economic Policies and Social Stratification

Free Trade and Protectionism

Free Trade: An economic policy based on the free movement of goods between different countries without customs restrictions.

Protectionism: An economic policy based on establishing customs barriers on imports of foreign products to promote domestic production.

Middle Classes

A sector of society constituted by the petty bourgeoisie and the skilled artisan classes (clases menestrales). This group included traders, government employees, professionals, and small property owners.

Popular Classes

A social group formed by the most disadvantaged sectors of society: small artisans, the peasantry, and the proletariat.

The Proletariat

A social group formed by factory workers engaged in the...

Somatization and Psychological Disorders

Somatization is the transformation of psychological disorders into physical or organic symptoms.

Terminology and Word Formation

Terminology is the set of technical terms used in a specific field.

Neologisms are new words or expressions created in a language.

Word formation refers to the processes that create new words, such as composition, derivation, or loans, which change the meaning of a word.

Abbreviations, Acronyms and Initialisms

Abbreviations are shorthand representations of a word or phrase.

Acronyms are terms formed by the initial letters or syllables of the words that make up a name, such as UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) and DVD (Digital Versatile Disc).

Other common examples include:

• ACB:

Social exclusion is the result of separation from the margins or leaving, either voluntarily or involuntarily, social groups or individuals in a society. The causes can be varied, for example:

• Economic exclusion: Not being able to pay for goods or services that the majority of society can afford.
• Cultural or religious exclusion: A group that does not have the same religious beliefs or customs as most of society is set aside or excluded. Many times, this intolerance towards what is different is the result of a lack of comprehension.
• Opt-out or alternative lifestyles: While we referred earlier to being pushed away from society, there are people or groups who choose to depart voluntarily, creating alternative or different lifestyles.

The Homeless

Definitions of Key Political Terms

Political Factions and Parties

• Mensheviks: The minority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party. They supported the idea that Russia had passed through a bourgeois revolution and needed to develop a capitalist economy.
• Bolsheviks: The majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party. They sought to establish a provisional democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry.
• SRs (Social Revolutionaries): A major political party representing the interests of the peasantry.
• Cadets (Constitutional Democrats): The majority of Duma deputies in the first assembly who demanded a genuine parliamentary system and the redistribution of land from landlords to peasants.

Soviet Institutions and Governance

• Soviets:

Anarchism vs. Marxism: Political Ideologies

Anarchists: Political action against the state, opposition to the formation of parties, defense of individualism, and rejection of authority and hierarchy. They advocate for the abolition of the state and the defense of spontaneous revolution and direct action. (Easy to understand).

Marxists: Supporters of political action, defending the formation of a working-class party. They advocate for an organized workers' revolution, the creation of a workers' state, and the dictatorship of the proletariat. (Very scientific).

Development of Anarchism and Socialism

Anarchism (1881)

Inspired by anarcho-collectivism and anarcho-communism.

• Objectives: Direct Action.
• Structure: Self-revolutionary groups.
• Organizations:

The Revolutions of 1848

1848: A general economic crisis characterized by poor harvests and industrial stagnation gripped Europe. In Paris, February 1848, progressives and Republicans grew increasingly wary of the king, fueled by widespread discontent. The king abdicated, and the Republic was proclaimed. A provisional government was established, and national workshops were created. Following elections, a constituent assembly was formed. Moderate Republicans triumphed, suppressed the national workshops, stifled labor protests, and eliminated social achievements. Additionally, Louis Napoleon, a nephew of Napoleon, won the election and proclaimed himself Napoleon III.

In Vienna, Metternich fell from power, leading to the creation of a constituent...