Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Power in Global Politics

Power is a central concept in global politics. It's the ability to effect change within social organizations, not a unitary force. Understanding power dynamics is crucial, especially with growing globalization and contested relationships between people and groups.

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is a state's independence, territorial control, and self-governance. How states use this power is key. Some argue globalization erodes sovereignty, while others believe states retain significant power in their national interest.

Legitimacy in Governance

Legitimacy is the basis for governance and exercising power. Democracy and constitutionalism, where citizens choose their leaders, are widely accepted sources. Other sources exist where this...

The Concept of Law

Distinction between Law and Right

Law

It is the set of principles and norms governing human relations in society. It is a comprehensive code addressing all aspects of personal and social interactions.

Right

It is the faculty or ability of every human being to act permissibly or demand what aligns with their dignity. Human rights are a clear example.

Types of Law

Positive Law (Derecho positivo)

The system of rules established by a particular state, applicable at a specific time and place. This is known as the legislation of a country.

Natural Law (Derecho natural)

A set of universal and immutable principles and rules. Positive law should align with natural law, as the latter establishes what is just, not merely legal.

Principles of Law

Principle

Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Theory in Literary Criticism

The kind of poetry capable of sustaining the responsibility of leading society, according to Matthew Arnold, should possess high seriousness. It ought to be a solemn form of poetry, not comic, and reflective of Victorian ideals. Arnold introduced the concept of touchstones to evaluate such poetry.

Defining the Touchstone Theory

A touchstone is traditionally an instrument used to determine the quality of something. When Matthew Arnold discusses touchstones, he employs a metaphor referring to a set of criteria. With these criteria, one can apply them to poems to assess their function and quality. He identified three types of literary estimates:

• Personal Estimate: Based on individual feelings,

Philosophical Framework

Eighteenth-century British philosophy sought to ground social, moral, and legal principles in the context of new economic and intellectual conditions. Unlike ancient philosophy, which relied on metaphysical concepts such as self, God, or the natural state, this new approach emphasized anthropology, particularly Hume's exploration of the moral sense.

Hume aimed to create a 'science of man' using Newton's experimental method, prioritizing induction over deduction to achieve greater certainty. He sought to apply the law of universal gravitation to the field of mind, re-evaluating legal concepts within this framework. A key aspect of this period was the empirical orientation of thought, influenced by practical considerations...

M12/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

Greenhouse Gases and Earth's Temperature

Explain the relationship between atmospheric greenhouse gases and the temperature of the Earth’s surface.

Greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, and tropospheric ozone, play a crucial role in regulating Earth's surface temperature. These gases trap outgoing terrestrial (long-wave) radiation, while allowing incoming solar (short-wave) radiation to pass through. This process, known as the greenhouse effect, warms the Earth's surface.

Ecological Footprint Analysis

a) Definition of Ecological Footprint

An ecological footprint measures the amount of land and water required by a population to produce the resources it consumes and absorb its...

The Habsburg Political Model and Union of Kingdoms

The Habsburg monarchy was a multinational monarchy that developed the model established by the Catholic Monarchs (RRCC): an authoritarian monarchy with a growing concentration of power.

Organs of Government: The Polysynodial System

The Habsburgs ruled directly but delegated authority of major or minor validity, leading to growing centralization and bureaucracy. This system of government is known as Polysynodial.

Key Institutions and Roles

• The Monarch: The center of all power, supported by the Court.
• The Councils (Consejos): Central to the Polysynodial system.
• The Secretaries: Links between the King and the Councils, holding significant power.
• The Viceroys: The King's personal representatives in non-

Key Concepts

• Culture: Information acquired through social learning.
• Human Culture: A set of socially acquired information, transmitted through language.
• Hominization: The process that enabled the human species to evolve from its earliest ancestors to Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Humanization: The process that leads full-bodied hominids with anthropomorphic or human form to become men.

Factors Influencing Human Evolution

• Discovery of fire
• Manufacture of tools
• Agriculture and livestock
• Social organization
• Trade
• War
• History

Labor and Technology

• Labor: A productive activity that is a conscious and intentional manipulation and modification of nature to obtain what is necessary to survive. (Everything we do in exchange for a salary.)

Features of Labor

• Uniquely Human: No

Ideology

The concept of ideology has a double meaning. Firstly, it represents the prevailing ideas and representations within a society or social class. In this sense, ideology is essential for societal existence. Secondly, ideology can be a set of ideas that offer a falsified interpretation of reality, representing "false consciousness."

Infrastructure and Superstructure

Infrastructure (Economic Structure)

This comprises all relations of production. Marx viewed the infrastructure as the foundation of society, determining social structure, development, and change. It includes productive forces and relations of production.

Superstructure

This encompasses elements of social life dependent on the infrastructure, including legal and political systems,...

Abortion Laws: A Global Health Issue

Most countries have laws that prohibit abortion entirely or only permit it to save a woman's life. However, there is a global trend toward liberalizing abortion laws.

Unsafe Abortion: A Public Health Crisis

The World Health Organization has recognized unsafe abortion as a serious public health problem since 1967. When women facing unwanted pregnancies encounter legal restrictions, they are more likely to seek unsafe abortions. Legal restrictions directly correlate with a higher percentage of unsafe procedures, significantly impacting public health.

Even in countries with legal abortion, limited public information and inadequate medical training can hinder access to safe procedures. The United Nations Special...

Homelessness

-homelessness: We currently live in a world where politicians are corrupt, where women do not charge the same as men and where millions of families are taken from their homes for not being able to pay them, that is, we live in an unjust and cruel world and for that reason, In my opinion, we should try to change it.

For start,he problem presented by this image is a social-economic problem. Perhaps, the man is in the street without a home because he does not have a job and because of that, he can not pay for a house and food and for this reason, he asks for money This lack of money may be due to a crisis, how Spain suffered in 2008.

Secondly, the homeless are people who have nothing and for that reason, we should help them, because...