Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Franco's Rejection of Democracy and the Rise of Organic Democracy

Franco rejected the democratic system, based on popular will, suffrage, and the separation of powers. For the construction of the new state, he was inspired by the Italian corporatist state, which organized popular participation from three basic units: the family, the town, and the union. These represented the natural elements of society, according to the regime, unlike political parties, which are the instrument of citizen participation in democratic systems.

The System of Organic Democracy

The system was named organic democracy, a name with which the regime wanted to give a certain legitimacy, but it clearly differentiated itself from representative democracy. Popular representation...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology and Computing

The Impact of Technology and the Internet

The development of technology and communications, especially during the last decade of the 20th century, has profoundly influenced our lives. It has revolutionized the way we work, learn, and communicate. The internet, in particular, has been a major catalyst for change.

Advantages of Computing

One of the main advantages of computing is the quick and easy access to information it provides. It also helps us perform tasks more efficiently. Moreover, technology can improve the lives of those with limited access to education and opportunities, contributing to the development of underserved or isolated regions worldwide.

Disadvantages of Computing

However,...

European Construction After the Second World War

In 1951, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was created.

The European Economic Community

The Treaty of Rome, signed on March 25, 1957, established two key organizations central to the construction of Europe:

• The European Economic Community (EEC), commonly known as the Common Market.
• The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).

The Treaties of Rome set the objective of free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital throughout the territory of the member states.

The Treaty on European Union

On November 1, 1993, the Treaty on European Union (TEU), signed on February 7, 1992, in Maastricht, Netherlands, came into force. Approving the TEU, also known as the Maastricht Treaty, renamed...

Psychic Nature of Political Power

The psychic aspect of political power, in the search for acceptance, lies in the conviction of the notion of legitimacy by those who are dominated. When power is legitimate, it is constituted in accordance with certain dominant beliefs. Therefore, there is not one single form of legitimacy (e.g., democracy, monarchy, communism).

Different Types of Political Power

According to Bertrand Russell

• Traditional: Where consent reigns.
• Revolutionary: Where ideology prevails.
• Naked: Where coercion prevails.

According to Maurice Duverger

• Immediate Power: Characteristic of primitive cities, with a fuzzy generalization of the entire group.
• Institutionalized Power: Subject to specific legal rules established for the purpose.

Issues

-TYPE F TXT:Primary source. As regards the form, as it's decree=legal text/Content→political text    Law of adaptation of the Basque Fueros (1839)

-AUTHOR:Spanish Cortes+Regent Maria Cristina. Ratified by the liberal government    Introduction

-ADDRESSED: Mainly the→inhabitants of Basque provinces, therefore, is a public text

-OBJECTIVE:Adapt the Fueros to the constitution (insert them in the constitutional framework)

-LOCA+DATE: 1839. Approved during the regency of Maria Cristina (minority of Isabella II’s age)/End of 1st Carlist war with the signing of the Bergara agreement between Maroto and Espartero

Main idea: Adapt+take fueros to constitutional framework (1837 in power) So, urged legal reform of them

Intro: The Carlists who have...

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis ranks policies based on their costs for achieving a defined objective. This analysis is implemented when there is no reasonable consensus on how the relevant costs and benefits can be evaluated. Cost-effectiveness doesn’t evaluate the worthiness of a project based on its benefits relative to costs; instead, it takes some outcome or goal as given and evaluates the efficiency of the various options for achieving it. For example, if policymakers decide to reduce CO2 emissions by 10%, there would be many ways of achieving this goal.

Institutions in Public Policy

Institutions are the laws, organizations, and unwritten rules that make public policy possible. Groups ranging from a handful of homeowners...

Political Philosophy

Political philosophy's primary objective must be rational. The state must be devoted to studying political phenomena as they are. Its purpose is to establish how they should be to become righteous.

Domain

Domain is the capacity that an individual or group of individuals can have to impose their will on others.

Political Power

Political power is when some individuals or groups of individuals, intending to organize tasks, perform the task of directing the actions of members of the group or society. They make decisions that affect the entire community and even exercise some control over others, thereby forcing all members of the community to follow their guidelines and instructions.

State

State is a socio-political organization whose...

Nouns: Words with Gender and Number

A noun is a word that has gender (feminine or masculine) and number (plural or singular).

Types of Nouns

• Common: chair, furniture, bed, piano, horse, etc.
• Proper: Antonio, San Juan, Malaga, etc.
• Concrete: Refer to material objects that are perceived by the senses (not just by sight): perfume, music, star, book, etc.
• Abstract: Designate intangible realities, which are included as concepts: sympathy, freedom, equality, etc.
• Singular: Refer to a single unit in the singular form: stylus, pond, person, etc.
• Collective: army, public, neighborhood, people, etc.
• Countable: Refer to existing objects that can be counted and numbered: home, planet, notebook, car, etc.
• Uncountable: flour, water, oil, salt, etc.

Determiners: Accompanying

Early Life and Education

Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany. After graduating from high school, he enrolled at the University of Bonn and later in Berlin, initially pursuing law but shifting his focus to history and philosophy. In 1843, Marx moved to Paris to edit a radical journal. There, in 1844, he met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator. A year later, Marx was expelled from France and relocated to Brussels.

The Communist League and the *Communist Manifesto*

In 1847, Marx and Engels joined the secret society known as the Communist League. They were entrusted with drafting the *Manifesto of the Communist Party*, a seminal work outlining their revolutionary ideas. In 1848, Marx was expelled from Belgium and...