Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The shift from communal land use to private ownership, known as the Enclosure Acts, led many rural laborers to seek work in urban centers. This transition coincided with the mechanization of large farms, increasing productivity and profitability. By removing the fallow system, enclosed pastures further boosted agricultural output and farmer incomes. This agricultural development spurred industrial growth.

Economic Liberalism

Economic liberalism is an economic system characterized by private property, free enterprise, and free markets. Its theoretical foundation is rooted in the ideas of thinkers like Adam Smith.

Theoretical Basis of Economic Liberalism

Adam Smith argued that individual self-interest drives economic activity. He believed that wealth...

Hume: Historical Context

England after the Revolution of 1688:

• Bourgeois revolution, parliamentary monarchy, supremacy of Parliament.
• Individual rights and religious freedoms.
• Political and economic freedom: abolition of monopolies.
• England becomes the leading economic power, industrial and capitalist.

Pre-revolutionary France:

• Enlightened despotism: everything for the people but without the people.
• Increasing influence of figured secularization, deism, atheism.

Rousseau: Historical Context

Pre-revolutionary France:

• Enlightened despotism: the monarch has absolute power he receives from God. The king is the sovereign (who has all authority).
• Influence of Enlightenment ideas in the monarchies of the continent to girders of the nobility and high bourgeoisie.

Sheet 2

* The ideological bases dl restorative system are:
"Pragmatism in policy, away from dogmatic positions d
"The defense of the internal constitution d d Spain
"The king shared sovereignty cuts, compared to the national
"Pessimism, leaving open the door to the regeneration dl country
Besides the army fell outside d politics and the electoral system was based on fraud ls q favoring dominant groups.
The 1876 constitution d noted for its stability. D is a text with 89 articles, q was a synthesis of d 1845 and 1869. Was approved of x the Constituent by universal suffrage. His features:
"The king shared sovereignty cuts
D The right to vote is left pending to not require d voting system
He introduced religious freedom, but limited
...

The United Nations: Founding and Core Principles

During the Peace Conference in San Francisco in April 1945, the three major Allied powers and France decided to create a body regulating international politics. Thus was born the United Nations Organization (UNO), as a successor to the League of Nations (SDN) following World War I. In its Charter, signed by fifty-one countries, its main objectives were expressed:

Key Objectives of the United Nations

• Maintain peace and security.
• Negotiate and achieve peace through the resolution of conflicts between countries.
• Foster friendly relations among nations based on equal rights and the self-determination of peoples.
• Strengthen international cooperation and promote respect for human rights.

The United Nations...

Labor Progress
The working world has undergone significant changes since 1880. The growth of capitalism marked a special industrial growth. The spread of socialism favored the constitution of a new unionism that was much more massive. By increasing its capacity for precision, strikes could mobilize a mile of workers, imposing the practice of collective negotiation between unions and employers to set wages and working conditions. Additionally, many unions began to demand accountability from employers and ensure labor legislation. As a result, the first labor laws emerged:

• Work of Children and Women: In the nineteenth century, night work for women was forbidden, and a mandatory process after childbirth was established.
• Insurance Required: In 1908,

The Interplay of Nature and Culture in Human Existence

We are nature and culture. Eating is a natural, biological process that all living things need to survive. Cooking or adhering to table rules are cultural activities. As the saying goes, “Man is a bipedal, implume, and unanchored animal.” Throughout our lives, elements of both cultural and natural origin are present.

Defining Natural and Cultural Behaviors

• Natural behaviors: Information is transmitted genetically.
• Cultural behaviors: Acquired through social learning.

Biological Foundations: Genotype and Phenotype

Biology distinguishes between:

• Genotype: The combination of genes on chromosomes.
• Phenotype: The interaction of genotype with the environment.

Phenotype = Genotype + Environment

Anthropology...

Industrial Revolution

Following the economic crisis between 1873 and 1890, Europe experienced a new phase of industrial growth driven by the application of new technologies and innovative work methods.

Imperialism

Imperialism is a system of culture, politics, and economy organized to reflect the dominance of certain countries over others.

Monroe Doctrine

This statement reflects the principles of U.S. foreign policy regarding the rights and activities of European powers in the Americas, as articulated by President James Monroe. It comprises two key elements: no European intervention in America and no American intervention in Europe. It is summarized by the phrase: "America for the Americans."

Organization of Colonial Empires

• Colonies: Territories with

Marxism

The political and social movement inspired by the theory and practice of Karl Marx. His theory rests on three pillars: the class struggle, the analysis of the capitalist system, and the seizure of political power by the workers.

Utopian Socialism

Innovative proposals that formed the first stream of socialist thought in the first half of the nineteenth century. Due to their utopian character, they were described as idealistic and naive by Karl Marx. The overall aim was to create an ideal society in which humans relate in peace, harmony, and equality.

Luddite Movement

A radical labor movement mobilized against the technical innovations of industrialization. Their actions involved destroying machines, which they blamed for rising unemployment...

German Unification

German nationalist sentiment emerged from the rejection of foreign occupation by Napoleonic troops. Two key Romantic thinkers influenced this movement:

• Herder: Introduced the concept of Volkgeist, defining the German nation.
• Fichte: Argued that the borders of a nation should be defined by language, claiming all German-speaking territories as part of Germany.

Phases of German Unification

The duchies of Holstein and Schleswig were under Danish sovereignty following the Congress of Vienna. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, who died childless, the Germanic Confederation claimed the two duchies. Prussia and Austria joined forces to defeat Denmark in 1864. The conflict concluded with Prussia administering Schleswig...

The Bipartisan System of the Restoration (1876)

The bipartisan system featured two major parties that shared fundamental similarities: both were minorities, both accepted the Constitution of 1876, and both were staunch monarchists who believed Spain should be a liberal, unitary, and centralized state.

Key Differences Between Parties

Conservative Party (Cánovas)

• More immobilist (resistant to change).
• Favored greater power for the Church.
• Defended restricted (censitary) suffrage.

Liberal Party (Sagasta)

• Advocated for more reforms.
• Sought less power for the Church.
• Advocated for universal male suffrage.

Both parties promised not to enact any legislation that would fundamentally undermine the other's core principles.

Catalan Political Alignment

• Catalan Conservatives: