Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

Global Social Issues and Educational Research Topics

• How the Color Red Warps the Mind: c, b, d, c, a, c,  , d
• US National Parks: Yellowstone: b, c, a, c, d, b, c, a
• What's the Real History of Black Friday?: c, a, a, a, a, a, a, a
• Are Insects the Future of Food?: c, a, d, b, b, b, a, a
• Jamie's Sugar Tax on Fizzy Drinks: b, b, c, d, d, a, c, c
• How Robots Could Be Grandma's New Caregiver: c, b, b, a, d, b, a, a
• Norway: The Green Path: b, c, d, b, a, b, b, b
• The Secret Life of Words: How...: c, d, a, b, c, d, c, a
• Starting Early: d, d, a, d, a, d, d, a
• Are Love-Locks on Bridges: Romantic or a Menace?: a, c, b, b, c, a, d, a
• Esperanto and Universal Communication: c, a, d, b, c, d, c, a
• The Last of the Noblest Generation: a, a, b, d, a, c, c, a
• The Right to

First Actions and Repression (1959-1961)

From 1959 to 1968, ETA built up an organizational infrastructure and relied on the theoretical tactic of symbolic violence. In 1961, it attempted its first action: On July 18, an unsuccessful attempt was made to derail a series of trains carrying Francoist sympathizers to a rally in San Sebastian to celebrate the anniversary of the military uprising. The Basques were arrested, tortured, and sentenced to jail terms. Others were forced into exile in the French state.

First Assembly and Strategic Shift (1962)

In 1962, the first organizational assembly was held. It was formally agreed that the organization would develop along the lines of an armed national liberation movement. A new wave of industrial protest...

Trump's Rhetoric and Human Rights

Every day, Trump is the center of the news as he has started a political debate in which he has been responsible for generating controversy every time he makes public statements, not taking into account that each of these statements is an order that violates multiple human rights in many parts of the world. In his words, he said that he would "unite the civilized world against radical Islamic terrorism, that we will eradicate it from the face of the Earth." (Trump, Times).

International Relations and Global Systems

The arrival of Donald Trump to power is a challenge for international relations. His vision of a new future for the United States will redesign the international system. A system that began with the...

Hoel Reading: Syrian Refugees in Eastern Europe

The political crisis in Syria began after the government's violent response to demonstrations against the regime in March 2011. Protesters desired democratic reform, inspired by uprisings in bordering countries. President Assad responded by cracking down with violence. Over 4.1 million refugees have fled Syria to neighboring countries, with thousands relocating to Europe. Germany, Sweden, and Serbia are the top receiving countries.

Hungary's Prime Minister Orbán has made it clear that Muslim asylum seekers are unwelcome in Hungary, arguing that he is defending European Christianity against a Muslim influx.

The thesis argues that the EU states’ response can be divided into three categories:

• Liberal:

Globalism

Globalism is a philosophy that views the world as a single, interconnected community. It advocates for political and economic unification on a global scale.

United Nations (UN)

The United Nations is a prominent global organization dedicated to promoting world peace and economic prosperity.

General Assembly

The General Assembly is a principal organ of the UN where representatives from member countries discuss international issues and make recommendations for action. It cannot enact laws but determines the UN's budget.

Security Council

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and ten elected members....

Key Moments in Early History

Maya Civilization: A 3500-Year Legacy

The Maya had one of the longest-running civilizations in history. Their historical period spanned from 2500 BC to 900 AD, a remarkable 3500 years.

Marks of a Civilization

What are the defining characteristics of a civilization?

• Agriculture
• Urban living
• Art
• Social organization
• Trade
• Mathematics and science

Columbus's First Impressions of the Taino

What were Christopher Columbus's initial impressions of the Taino people upon encountering them?

Columbus described the native islanders of Guanahani (which he renamed San Salvador) as generous, loving, artless, and good-looking. He was also convinced that these handsome, unclothed people would make excellent slaves.

Spanish Colonization vs. Trade

Why...

Gender Equality and Cultural Change: A Global Analysis

(Based on research by Inglehart and Norris)

Theoretical Frameworks of Gender and Politics

The Orthodox Account of Female Conservatism

• Historically, it was believed that when women gained the right to vote, a distinctive "women's vote" would emerge, with women voting as a bloc across various issues.
• While gender differences in voting were relatively small, women were more likely to support center-right parties in Western Europe and the United States. This phenomenon was termed the Traditional Gender Gap.

Theories of Gender Dealignment

• Later voting studies indicated that the old pattern was no longer relevant. Outcomes were shown to rely more on specific political circumstances than on gender. For

Defining Feminism and Gender Equality

Rebecca West famously said, "Feminism is the radical (essential) notion (view) that women are people." In other words, feminism is a commitment to achieving the equality of the sexes.

The Different Types of Feminist Movements

1. Liberal Feminism

This branch emphasizes the similarities between males and females, maintaining that given an equal environment and opportunities, males and females will behave similarly.

2. Radical Feminism

Radical feminists view the control of women by men as the first and the most fundamental form of oppression. According to radical feminists, oppression on the basis of being a woman is one thing all women have in common. Some argue that women can escape only by creating their own...

Origins of the Labor Movement

The Labor Movement (Movimiento Obrero) originated during the Industrial Revolution. It emerged as a response to the rise of machinery and the profound lack of rights workers faced in factories, particularly in England. Workers were exposed to grueling 12-hour workdays, unhealthy factory environments, illnesses, accidents, low wages, and the exploitation of children.

Luddism and the Resistance to Machinery

The first manifestations of the labor movement were reflected in Luddism, a movement characterized by the destruction of machines. These machines were blamed for the loss of purchasing power among small artisans. Ned Ludd famously destroyed two machines and set fire to factories. However, workers eventually realized...

Civil Society, Political Society, and Power Sources

Every society needs political power. That power rests with the whole people, though it can be very diluted. In ancient societies, the state soon became the primary political form, including a central power usually identified with a monarchy and supported by religious justification.

For centuries, there has been a line of thought suggesting that power flows from God to the people: "Vox populi, vox Dei." The voice of the people is the voice of God.

Defining the Nation and the State

A nation can be defined as a human community with a historical memory and a common culture, which generally includes its own language and territory.

For many centuries, lands and peoples were considered the personal assets...