Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

ODA: Official Development Assistance

Official Development Assistance (ODA) is the economic contribution of states to development, free of charge, or better than those offered by the international market, even though it has many limitations, such as insufficiency.

Economic Globalization

This type of globalization implies global interdependence in the production, exchange, and consumption of goods.

Multinational Corporations

These are product/service companies based in one country with affiliates in various states across the globe. They act with a global strategy.

IGIEA: Index of Governance of the International Economy

This index measures the capacity and legitimacy of each country to participate in the governance of the global economy in the economic...

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

Historical Context

From a historiographic perspective, the contemporary period encompasses the 19th and 20th centuries. The 19th century, a period of significant upheaval, has been called the "century of revolutions," including those of 1830, 1848, and 1871. Karl Marx, a key figure of this era, emerged as a revolutionary thinker. The proletariat's misery fueled successive revolutions, generally inspired by liberal, democratic, anarchist, and socialist ideas.

Two crucial events marked the century: the French Revolution and the Napoleonic conquests. French utopian socialism, largely theoretical with limited practical political influence, was critiqued by Marx and Engels for its non-revolutionary character....

Varieties of Language

• Geographic: Varieties that a language presents depending on where it is used.
  • Causes: Degree of Romanization, other influences (pre-Roman languages, Germanic languages, Arabic, Italian, Indian languages, French, English).
• Diastratic: Varieties that coexist in one place, related to the sociocultural level of the people who use it.
  • Causes: Habitat, age, sex, occupation, socio-cultural level.
  • Types:
    • Learned: Careful language at all levels.
    • Media: Language that meets the linguistic requirements of communication but is cultivated.
    • Colloquial: Conversational language used by speakers in a relaxed environment without much concern for linguistic correctness (characteristics: cooperation, subjectivity, linguistic economy, spontaneity).

Sparta's Rise to Power

Located in the southern Peloponnese region of Greece, Sparta emerged from the union of several towns during Dorian migrations around the 10th century BC. The fertile Eurotas River plain contributed to their prosperity. Spartans eventually dominated Laconia, expanding their control over neighboring Messenia. The conquered Messenians became helots, a subjugated population.

Social Structure

Spartan society was stratified into three main classes:

• Spartiates: The ruling warrior class.
• Perioeci: Inhabitants of surrounding areas who enjoyed some autonomy and served in the army but lacked political rights.
• Helots: The enslaved population who worked the land.

The Spartans addressed population growth by territorial expansion. Their...

Five Types of Media Theories

Delving into the diverse frameworks that explain how media operates and influences society, we identify five principal types of theories:

Social Scientific Theory

These are general statements about the nature, workings, and effects of mass communication, based on systematic and objective observation of media and other sources. While often loosely organized and not always clearly formulated or consistent, this theory covers a wide spectrum, from broad questions of society to detailed aspects of individual information sending and receiving. This theory comes from different disciplines, especially sociology, psychology, and politics. Some social scientific theory is concerned with understanding what is happening, some...

Absolute, Liberal, and Socialist States

The Absolute State (16th-17th Centuries)

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, social and political problems and revolts from nobles, cities, and farmers increased the power of kings. Authoritarian monarchies evolved into absolute monarchies where kings held absolute power. These kings concentrated executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The absolute state was defined by the rule of law, applying to all its components.

The Liberal State

The liberal state centers on the individual. Its function is to create a legal framework enabling free action. Individuals possess inherent rights, prior to and more important than the state, which must respect these rights. The state creates laws to protect...

Treasures of the Earth

1. This text talks about an exhibition where you can see a model house in which you can locate materials. There is also an animated film where you can see the different geological periods. You can also see different minerals. You can also experience earthquakes and learn the history of the planet in a video.
2. Keywords: Exhibition, tools, lent, fractures.
3. • a) Samples from the collection are used to study the minerals.
   • b) "You ought to see the beautiful animated [film]," they said to us.
   • c) The exhibition contains a model house.
   • d) You can see a large model of a modern gold mine.
4. • a) This text comes from a leaflet about the exhibition. It was written by the person who organized the exhibition to tell people what the exhibition is about.

The Bourbon Dynasty and Centralization

The War of the Spanish Succession brought a clear result for the Spanish monarchy: the change of dynasty. The death of Charles II marked the end of the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, and he was succeeded on the throne by Felipe V, initiating the House of Bourbon. This marked the beginning of French political influence over Spain, manifested in a series of administrative changes that attempted to establish the French political model: a strong, centralized, and unified monarchy.

The Decrees of Nueva Planta

The most important change was achieved with the Decrees of Nueva Planta: the legal and institutional unification of all the kingdoms of the monarchy. The privileges and private institutions of the territories