Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Primary education

Advantages of Company Incorporation

• Separate Legal Entity

• Limited Liability

• Perpetual Succession

• Transfer of Shares

• Right to Sue & Be Sued

• Ability to Own Property

• Professional Management

• Better Access to Funding

Public vs. Private Companies: Key Differences

Company Classification: By Liability, Members & More

• By Liability: Share, Guarantee, Unlimited

• By Members: One Person Company (OPC), Private, Public

• By Control: Holding, Subsidiary, Associate

• By Capital: Listed, Unlisted

• By Ownership: Government, Foreign, Section 8 (NGO)

Memorandum vs. Articles

Vicarious Liability in Employment Law

Key Conditions for Employment (Mackenna J)

Mackenna J outlined three conditions for a contract of employment:

1. The employee agrees to provide their work and skills to the employer in return for a wage.
2. The employee agrees, expressly or impliedly, to be directed as to the mode of performance.
3. The terms of the contract are consistent with a contract of employment.

Atkin's Approach to Employment

Courts may be prepared to find a relationship akin to employment if it is just, fair, and reasonable to impose vicarious liability as a whole.

Case Example: In JGE v Portsmouth, a judge ruled that a Bishop in the Roman Catholic Church was vicariously liable for sexual abuse committed by a priest.

Cases on Vicarious Liability

Various

A Virtuous Individual

An individual who I considered to be virtuous is my best friend, Reid Bartholomew. Reid would always look out for everyone around him, friends, and family. The Golden Mean is the midpoint between two extremes, which are known as deficiency and excess. Where the golden mean lies between the vices depends on the situation. For example, courage could be considered the golden mean while cowardice is a deficiency and recklessness is an excess.

In Aristotle’s virtue ethics, he provided three conditions for authentic moral actions.

1. The subject knows well what he is doing. For instance, Reid had planned on completing all his homework for one day so he would have more time to study for his midterms the next day.
2. The subject does

Essential Vocabulary and Definitions

Victuals

Food or provisions.

Boughs

The main branch of a tree.

Whim

A sudden desire or change of mind, especially one that is unusual or unexplained.

Plunder

To steal goods from a place or person, typically using force and in a time of war or civil disorder.

Gorge

A narrow valley between hills or mountains, typically with steep rocky walls and a stream running through it.

Gloom

Partial or total darkness.

Petrels

A seabird related to the shearwaters, typically flying far from land.

Insidious

Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.

Cast Off

To set a boat or ship free from its moorings.

Mooring lines

A line that holds an object (especially a boat) in place.

Rowlocks

A holder attached to the gunwale of a boat

Core Traits of Philosophers

• Lovers of wisdom
• Seekers of truth
• Reasonable
• Critically minded
• Questioning
• Curious
• Objective

Philosophers are generally *not* selfish, closed-minded, pessimistic, reckless individuals, or uninterested.

What is Wisdom?

Wisdom is the ability to use knowledge and intelligence for practical purposes.

Key Fields of Philosophy

• The study of ultimate reality: Metaphysics
• The limits of human knowledge: Epistemology
• The science of reasoning: Logic
• The study of morals: Ethics
• The study of society: Social/Political Philosophy
• The study of values: Axiology
• The study of beauty and art: Aesthetics

Etymology of Philosophy

• Philos ("love") + Sophia ("wisdom")

Stoicism

Key Figures in Stoicism

• Founder of Stoicism, taught in Athens: Zeno
• Created the system

Understanding Key Insurance Types and Business Support

Essential Insurance Coverage

Insurance provides crucial financial protection against various risks. Key types of personal insurance include:

Life Insurance

In life insurance, the life of the person is insured. The insured must pay a certain fee as a premium, which depends upon the age of the insured. In case of death, the payment of the premium is stopped, and the legal heirs or the nominated person by the insured receive the amount insured.

Accident Insurance

Losses arising out of accidents are covered under personal accident insurance. Accidental loss includes death, severe injury, partial, or total disablement.

Property Insurance

Loss arising out of damage to personal property is covered under...

Gruber 12.7: Mandates vs. Direct Public Provision

Why does the government mandate individuals to purchase their own insurance in some cases—such as automobile liability insurance—but directly provide insurance to people in other situations—such as health insurance?

According to Gruber, there are five primary reasons why the government intervenes in the insurance market:

• Adverse selection
• Externalities
• Administrative costs
• Redistribution
• Paternalism

Adverse Selection and Market Stability

Adverse selection occurs when insured individuals know more about their risk level than the insurer does. This asymmetry might cause those most likely to experience an adverse outcome to select insurance, leading the insurer to lose money if they offer coverage....

Marxist Politics and Class Consciousness

In modern society, "bourgeois interests found ideological support" which emphasizes personal morality, hard work, individual success, self-control, frugality, and respect for law and property. The dominant ideology is "the ideas of the ruling class." As history moves and material conditions change, consciousness changes with them.

Modern material conditions include:

• Workers in modern, crowded factories in cities
• Literacy

These unintended consequences allowed the workers to "communicate among themselves" and develop a "true class consciousness." Marx thought politics was meant to control the state, and he believed the state was the instrument of organized violence in society. The role of the state in the economy...

The World and Principles of Material Things

When you have demonstrated the existence of God, as an assurance criterion of truth, we have the opportunity to demonstrate the existence of corporeal things, the world. Since God exists, he cannot deceive me into believing that the world exists if it does not; therefore, we conclude that the world exists. Returning to the theory of the objective reality of ideas, this theory posits that the causes of ideas of sensible things are corporeal things, and these corporeal things do exist. God guarantees the truth, but error is not attributable to God; rather, it arises when we deceive ourselves by misinterpreting.

Theory of Substance

Descartes identified three domains of reality: God (or infinite substance)...

The Essence of Being: Why We Need Rebellion

The rebellion is a part of the essence of our being. It is there. It manifests itself in different ways when we allow it. Some focus on vehemently defying anything they do not want. Others work quietly, distancing themselves from unwanted elements in their lives and helping others do the same. There are thousands of ways to express this rebellion—I dare say, as many ways as there are human beings on Earth.

My Personal Connection to the Rebel Essence

And that essence exists in me. It is sometimes hidden, sometimes suddenly reborn, becoming unstoppable.

As a teenager, I wondered why people wanted to be rebels just to prove they were different. That, I thought, was not true rebellion. Whatever it was,...