Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Primary education

Six Aspects of Religiosity

• Authority
• Rituals
• Speculations
• Traditions
• Grace: Courteous goodwill
• Mystery

Karma: The Law of Cause and Effect

Karma represents a system of absolute cause and effect. It commits individuals to complete personal responsibility, asserting that there is no chance, as every decision is an act of free will.

The Caste System

1. Brahmins: Seers and spiritual leaders
2. Kshatriyas: Administrators
3. Vaishyas: Producers and workers
4. Shudras: Servants

Note: Untouchables were historically considered a fifth group, later renamed by Gandhi as Harijan (God's People).

Interpretations of Pi's Story

The narrative centers on Pi's relationship with God. At the conclusion, Pi emphasizes that the story is his to interpret, reflecting how individuals shape religion...

JUVENILE OFFENDER (13-14-15)

MARK-AW-ABRAMS

M = MURDER 2ND

• Intentional/Depraved 13-14-15
• Felony Murder 14-15 sometimes

A = ARSON 1ST or 2ND

R = ROBBERY 1ST, or ROBBERY 2ND, subd. 2(a) or 2(b)

K = KIDNAPPING 1ST

A = ASSAULT 1ST, subds. 1 or 2

W = WEAPONS (school grounds)

A = ATTEMPT

• MURDER 2ND
• KIDNAPPING 1ST

B = BURGLARY 1ST, OR BURGLARY 2ND, subd. 1

R = RAPE 1ST, subds. 1 or 2

A = AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ABUSE (130.70)

M = MANSLAUGHTER 1ST

S = CRIMINAL SEXUAL ACT 1ST, subds. 1 or 2

DR-BARKS (Prevent/terminate)

• D = D.P.F. against you or another
• R = ROBBERY
• B = BURGLARY of DWELLING or OCCUPIED BUILDING
• A = ARSON (CAN BE A PASSER BY)
• R = RAPE (FORCIBLE)
• K = KIDNAPPING
• S = CRIMINAL SEXUAL ACT (FORCIBLE)

MR-&-MRS (Civilian arrest)

• M = MURDER
• R = ROBBERY
• M = MANSLAUGHTER 1ST DEGREE
• R

Principle of Utility

The principle of utility states that actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain. Hence, utility is a teleological principle.

Act Utilitarianism

Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics which states that a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces the best possible results in that specific situation.

Rule Utilitarianism

Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that 'the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance'.

Euthanasia

Euthanasia (from Greek:...

Main Features of Philosophy

Philosophy is a radical “Why?”. It faces the basis of our world and existence. “Radical” means everything can be put into question, even philosophy itself (its own foundation). There are no prejudices allowed. For philosophy, nothing is taken for granted.

• Rational: No dogmas are allowed; it is based on logical arguments and experience.
• Systematic: Its assertions are related and hierarchical, ordered systematically without contradictions.
• Critical: Everything has to be examined by reason, even the simplest thing.

Philosophy is a problematizing discipline. Its value lies in its peculiar way of addressing problems more than in how it solves them. The questions, more than its answers, are valuable. It is a universalist

Vladimir: The Rational Mind in Crisis

Vladimir represents the rational part of the duo, the mind; however, despite this, he is unable to react and remains powerless. Unlike Estragon, he is more intelligent and is the one who looks after Estragon's physical well-being. He raises philosophical questions but never achieves an answer. His suffering is purely intellectual; an example of this is seen when he fails to understand why Pozzo keeps Lucky as a slave. We can observe Descartes' influence in this character through the lens of "I think, therefore I am."

Pozzo and Lucky: Power and Class Dynamics

Pozzo and Lucky may represent a capitalist-working class relationship; the former enslaves Lucky and gives him leftovers. Paradoxically, despite being...

Legal Philosophy: Justice, Validity, and Efficacy

The relationship between justice, validity, and the effect (efficacy) of law is central to legal philosophy.

Some argue that if a legal standard does not comply with justice, it should not be compulsory, and therefore should not be considered valid. However, this argument is often rejected by those who state that the validity or enforceability of the law is independent of its justice or injustice. They assert that the law is valid simply because the standard has been created by man, usually under the authority of the State.

Alongside these notions is Efficacy (or effectiveness), which means that the legal standard is met in practice. This occurs either because the addressee of the rule obeys it...

John Locke's Liberal Social Contract

Locke's political thought is of great importance, as it forms the theoretical basis of the modern liberal state. His key tenets include:

1. According to Locke, man is a social being by nature, possessing certain natural rights.
2. In the state of nature, the most important rights are security and property. However, this coexistence may lead to excessive 'interest,' causing insecurity.
3. Therefore, to address these interests, Locke advocates for building a state that guarantees the life and property of its members. The state's mission is to serve its members, ensuring their welfare and protecting their property, which it may not dispose of.
4. To prevent any abuse of power or interests, power is split between the legislature

Understanding Determinants

Determinants are words that precede nouns to specify or describe them. They include:

• Articles: These determinants precede a noun to indicate whether it is specific or non-specific. Examples include:
  • Definite Article: the
  • Indefinite Articles: a, an, some
• Demonstratives: These words accompany nouns to indicate their proximity or distance from the speaker. Examples:
  • Close Proximity: this, these
  • Further Proximity: that, those
• Possessives: They accompany nouns to show possession or ownership, referring to a single owner or multiple owners. Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
• Numerals: These determinants indicate quantity or order. They can be:
  • Cardinal Numbers: one, two, eight, etc.
  • Ordinal Numbers: first, second, eighth,

The Working Nature of Human Beings (Marxist View)

For Marx, the human being is a natural being that, having come from nature, differs from animals because the human has to produce the means to survive by changing the nature in which they live. This transformation is accomplished through work.

We are productive, 'active' beings who need to transform nature to survive, and it is through this activity that we enter into relationships with other human beings.

Thus, for Marx, it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being; rather, the reverse is true: their social being determines their consciousness. He argues that abstract consideration of the human being alone is not worthwhile.

Furthermore, Marx holds a materialist view: there is...