Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Baccalaureate

Ortega's Period

Ortega was born in Madrid in 1883 and died in 1955. He dedicated himself to his family and political journalism. He spent holidays in Zumaia and Azpeitia. Among his works is "Invertebrate Spain." He was the team director for "The Revolt of the Masses." In "The Revolt of the Masses," the mass-man is satisfied with mediocrity, without personality. In "Beliefs and Ideas," he commented on what we read here. Spain's main instability was during the Restoration, Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the Second Republic, and the Civil War. The colonies of Cuba and the Philippines were lost, and there was a crisis in agriculture, the economy, and politics. This is called "the Crisis of '98." He was a fan of Neokantianism in the beginning and...

We are in the sensible world, an order of efficient causes.

However, nothing is the efficient cause of itself; it would be prior to itself, which is impossible. Efficient causes cannot proceed indefinitely.

1. Order in Efficient Causes: The first is due to the intermediate, and the intermediate, whether one or multiple, is the last. If you remove the cause, the effect disappears. If there were no first in the order of efficient causes, there would be no last or second.

2. Infinite Efficient Causes: If we take efficient causes to infinity, there would be no first efficient cause, and consequently, no ultimate effect or intermediate cause, which is false. Therefore, it is necessary to admit a first efficient cause: God.

Explanation

This is the argument...

Descartes: The Method

Descartes' problem was the worry about the merits of the many mistakes regarding knowledge. He recognized that over the centuries, many mistakes had been presented and defended as unquestionable truths. If human reason was a valuable and effective tool, why could science and the philosophy of science not advance? Descartes thought that a method had enabled him to find safety in knowledge, but philosophy lacked a proper method. The mathematical method introduced here gives human reason a definitive criterion of truth. According to Galileo, mathematics is seen as a rational science that brings order to the chaos of data. Descartes was convinced that, just as geometers could make things easier from the more complex without...

Human Sciences and Empiricism: A Philosophical Inquiry

Hume's Empirical Approach to Human Understanding

Hume's primary objective was to establish a science of man based on empirical observation. He sought to understand humans through data derived from experience. This philosophy contrasted sharply with Platonic and Aristotelian thought. To develop a science of man, Hume believed it was essential to establish a doctrine of knowledge that would determine truth. This involved analyzing key issues within the empiricist tradition, such as ideas of essence and substance. Finally, Hume focused on understanding passions and analyzing moral actions, arguing that humans are governed by their passions more than reason. His philosophy challenged traditionally...

Decision Making and Career Development

• Decision Making: A wise decision, be faced with, feel uncertain about, give priority to, have the freedom to, lose out, reach a decision, settle on, struggle, take advice, think over, weigh up.
• Professional Terms: Account, current, hands-on, invest, get a foot in the door, on the lookout, result in, suit.
• Career Path: Growing industry, pension plan, reference letter, starting salary, vacant position, be made redundant, be self-employed, get a promotion, health insurance, perks of the job, work overtime, be fired, board, lead, set, fold, point.

Financial Literacy and Time Management

• Finance: Allowance, balance, blessing, debit card, donate, fortune, income, live on, repay debt, savings, small change, wealthy.

Good morning, dear members of the Parliament,

Thank you all for being here for today’s important discussion and for continuing to demonstrate your commitment to this issue. I am here mainly to discuss the importance of responding to the specific needs of women. We have stressed the importance of not only meeting these needs but also ensuring that we’re grounding our support and interventions in strategies that empower us, with the sole objective of creating a just and equal society.

Do you know what you would do if you could not vote or get a good education? Would you be upset, furious, frustrated, or annoyed? That is how most women feel when they think about this. Women have been trying to claim their rights while men enjoy many privileges...

Imagery and Symbolism in Infant Sorrow

The Child: Innocence, Sin, and Instinct

The interpretation of the child in William Blake's Infant Sorrow heavily relies on the reader's preconceived notions about children. During Blake's era, newborns were often viewed as symbols of innocence, as depicted in poems like Infant Joy and in Cradle Song. The New Testament, for instance, records Jesus stating that the Kingdom of God belongs to those who embody the innocence and humility of little children. Some Christians of the time believed children arrived fresh from God, retaining a memory of Him—an idea particularly popular among the Romantics. Consequently, children were seen as reflecting God's creativity and goodness.

Conversely, followers of Rousseau...

The Societal Impact of Music Content

Currently, one of the issues that has generated much controversy and discussion among children, adolescents, and adults, and about which society has been complaining for several years, is about (...), a subject which has caused a negative effect on society. For this reason, we must consider the following points in favor of or against this issue.

Arguments Regarding Music Content

• Point in Favor: Music as Relaxation and Therapy

  First of all, we must start with a point in favor of music: as a process of relaxation, music can be used to relax and have fun. This practice is widely known as **music therapy**.

• Point Against: Negative Song Content

  Secondly, a point against is the poor content of these songs, which currently

Causal Law

Scientific law that establishes a relationship between phenomena in such a way that if the phenomenon considered to be a cause takes place, the phenomenon that is considered to be an effect will also take place.

Cause

Event or action capable of producing or originating another different event, which is referred to as effect. Given that the cause of an event allows to explain a certain effect, the term is also used to refer to the reason for its taking place.

Chaos

Amorphous, undefined state that was supposed to occur before the cosmos existed. If the term “cosmos” refers to the ordered Universe, in Greek mythology the term “chaos” refers to the state of disarray that precedes the formation of the Universe. The term then evolved...