Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Baccalaureate

Despido Colectivo: Causas y Finalidad

Son aquellos que se realizan para mantener la viabilidad empresarial y pueden basarse en causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción.

Despido Objetivo: Circunstancias y Causas

Se produce por circunstancias objetivas ajenas a la voluntad culpable del trabajador, pero relacionadas con su desempeño o las necesidades de la empresa. Algunas causas incluyen:

• Ineptitud del trabajador (conocida o sobrevenida).
• Falta de adaptación del trabajador a modificaciones técnicas justificadas en su puesto.
• Faltas de asistencia al trabajo, aun justificadas pero intermitentes, que alcancen el 20% de las jornadas hábiles en 2 meses consecutivos siempre que el total de faltas en los 12 meses anteriores alcance

Plato's Anthropology: Body and Soul

Anthropological Dualism

Plato, drawing on Orphic and Pythagorean influences, developed an anthropological theory to support his ethical and political conceptions. His dualist view conceives the human being as composed of a body (soma) and a soul (psyche) joined accidentally.

The Body

The body is a sensible, generated entity that is destined to perish. It acts as an obstacle to perfection; therefore, the mission of humanity is to pursue purification (catharsis) to allow the soul to ascend to its natural place: the world of ideas. In this view, the body is the tomb (sema) of the soul.

The Soul

The soul is immortal, dominates the body, and is a homogeneous substance. Its primary activity is the contemplation of ideas,...

The first step is understanding substance as composed of a single body (matter) and soul (form). The soul cannot know the intelligible in itself, but knows things intellectually through sensation. There are two types of knowledge: sensible and intellectual. Sensible knowledge is the collection of aspects of knowledge in things through the senses, being converted into sensible form. Intellectual knowledge is the knowledge as the thing itself is present in the soul as an intelligible form. This is possible through understanding patient and agent. The agent produces the intellectual form through the sensitive. This is called abstraction: the act of taking the sensible form and converting it into an intelligible form. This goes to understanding...

From Myth to Reason: Foundations of Western Philosophy

Mythical Thinking and Its Categories

Mythical thinking attempts to provide answers based on superstition, legend, magic, belief, and chance. We can categorize different types of mythology:

• Cosmogonic: Relates the origin of the universe and the world.
• Anthropogenic: Details the creation of humankind.
• Historical: Relates the origin of a culture or civilization.
• Eschatological: Tells what lies beyond death.

Rational Thought

Rational thought is based on logic. It replaced arbitrary mythological necessity with rational necessity based on laws. This is founded on the conviction that events are governed by natural laws, allowing everything to operate within a rational order.

The Socratic Era and Classical

Plato's Theory of Knowledge (Epistemology)

Plato's philosophy extensively addresses the theory of knowledge, or epistemology. He discussed various topics, including moral and political philosophy, all underpinned by his understanding of how humans acquire knowledge and understand themselves. Plato asserted that true knowledge is not gained through sensory experience but through a process of remembrance (anamnesis).

The Concept of Anamnesis (Remembrance)

Plato believed that human beings are composed of two distinct parts: the body and the soul. The soul, he argued, is immortal and eternal, while the body is mortal. The soul, prior to its embodiment, existed in the World of Forms and possessed perfect knowledge of all ideas. Upon entering a physical...

Philosophy

Philosophy is an activity that involves thinking and reasoning about concepts and ideas. Philosophical activity is initiated, therefore, by asking questions about concepts. To answer, the philosopher defends or criticizes a thesis using arguments or reasoning. The term "philosophy" means love of wisdom.

The issues raised by philosophy fall into two types: questions about how the world is and how we know it, and issues that address the question of living well in the world and about human behavior.

• Theoretical philosophy is based on reality and knowledge of the world.
• Practical philosophy focuses on human action and moral conduct.

Questions About Reality

Natural phenomena, such as lightning, eclipses, earthquakes, etc., have constantly been...

Nietzsche's Life-Affirming Philosophy

Nietzsche's philosophy aims to affirm life. To understand his work, it is necessary to grasp the Will to Power, the key concept around which all his other ideas revolve. The Will to Power is an ontological impulse of the self, manifesting at three distinct levels:

• Physical level: A force in constant struggle, as all entities seek to reach their maximum limit of power.
• Biological level: Life tends to overflow in its action; it is not mere adaptation to the environment simply to survive.
• Psychic level: Every human being seeks to expand their influence and impose their will, a drive that is impossible to renounce.

The Two Forms of the Will to Power

In humanity, there are two primary forms of the Will to Power:

The

Irrationalism in the Nineteenth Century

The thought of questioning the suspect competence to express the real extended to the same philosophy. Irrationalist thinkers share a number of common features:

1. Positive emotions: The world includes all non-rational faculties of knowledge, such as feelings, passions, intuition, or will. Practically since its origins, emotions had been rejected when considering them as an obstacle to knowledge.
2. Exaltation of the will and creative imagination as background knowledge: Philosophers such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche stressed the importance of these skills to access higher levels of reality, beyond the results provided by reason.
3. Accentuation of the distressing and painful character of human existence: For irrationalist

Thomas Aquinas: A 13th-Century Scholar

Historical and Sociocultural Context

Saint Thomas Aquinas lived during the 13th century, a period marked by Europe's resurgence, with the growth of towns, trade, and the rise of universities. Feudalism remained the dominant social structure, but the emergence of the bourgeoisie signaled a shift in power dynamics.

This era witnessed the pursuit of a universal Christendom, influenced by cultural exchanges between Islam and Christianity, spurred by the Crusades and the Toledo School of Translators. The introduction of Aristotle's works to the West significantly impacted philosophical thought, shaping the development of scholasticism.

Influences and Impact

Aquinas was deeply influenced by Aristotle, incorporating...

Creationism posits that the world and living beings were created by God, contrasting with evolutionary theories. This concept forms the basis of many religious beliefs and is central to Christian doctrines. Our culture often grounds itself in the Bible, a sacred text for both Jews and Christians.

Fixism: The Unchanging Species

Fixism, a scientific theory, asserts that plant and animal species do not evolve but remain constant over time. This fixist view has a long history in European thought, rooted in the ideas of Aristotle and aligned with the creationist interpretation derived from a literal reading of the Bible. This gave rise to fixism.

To explain the existence of fossils representing extinct species and the emergence of new ones, creationism...