Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Other subjects for Baccalaureate

1. The Plan for Firms

1.1. The Strength of a Business Project

It is impossible to launch any business project without a prior specification of the business idea. The idea upon which the business plan is based is the identification of a business opportunity not yet exploited, or the detection of some capacity to innovate and do things differently from others, in order to improve them.

In order to implement a particular business idea, there must be positive possibilities of success for the new company. Therefore, it is crucial to plan the entire business beforehand to draw conclusions regarding the potential applicability of the idea.

1.2. Definition of the Plan's Axioms

The business plan is a strategic plan that affects all areas of the company over...

Static and Dynamic Verification

Static verification involves inspections of software. It is related to the analysis of static representations of the system to discover problems. It can be supplemented by document-based tools and code analysis. (The application does not need to be running).

Dynamic verification involves testing software. It is related to exercising and observing the behavior of the product. The system is run with test data, and its operational performance is observed. (The application is running).

Test Program

A test program can reveal the presence of defects but not the absence of them. It is the main validation technique for non-functional requirements since the software is run to see how it behaves. It should be used in conjunction...

Informal Organization

The informal organization is the organizational structure not intentionally defined by the company. It is the set of personal and social relations not covered by the company's direction that arise spontaneously. This occurs when people relate outside their designated work groups, forming unofficial groups. In these groups, unofficial information is transmitted in the form of rumors, and sometimes normal operating procedures have more strength than those prescribed. All companies have a formal and an informal organization. Managers, if they are aware of the existence of the informal organization, must try to positively impact the company's results.

Management Function

The management function is to manage the company's people,...

Introduction

Quality management comprises three core functions: identifying improvement opportunities, developing and monitoring indicators, and designing or redesigning products and services. The EFQM Excellence Model provides a framework for achieving progress in Total Quality Management (TQM).

The EFQM Model

The EFQM Model is built on the premise that customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and a positive societal impact are achieved through leadership in policy and strategy, effective personnel management, efficient resource utilization, and well-defined processes, ultimately leading to business excellence. Each of the nine elements within the model is evaluated and weighted to determine an organization's progress toward excellence.

Self-

IT Project Management and 2026 Trends

IT project management is the planning, organizing, and controlling of technology projects so they are delivered on time, within budget, and at the required quality. In 2026, the main trends shaping the industry include:

• AI-assisted planning and risk prediction.
• Hybrid methods (combining Waterfall and Agile).
• Distributed and remote teams.
• Security and data privacy integrated from the start.
• Sustainability (Green IT).

These trends matter because AI saves time and improves forecasting, while hybrid models provide both structure and flexibility.

Preventing Scope Creep in IT Projects

Scope creep is the uncontrolled growth of the project scope, where new features or changes are added without properly reviewing their impact...

Communication in the Company

Communication within a company can be categorized as vertical or horizontal.

Vertical Internal Communication

This occurs between employees and top managers. Upward communication aims to ensure managers are aware of the problems faced by workers.

Horizontal Communication

This type of communication arises between people who are at the same hierarchical level.

Motivation at Work

Motivation is a key factor in the workplace.

Money and Motivation

Money primarily serves to meet basic consumption needs (food, clothing, housing, etc.).

Future Expectations

When workers have the potential to improve and advance in their workplace, they are generally more motivated.

Recognition of Work

Recognizing the effort made by each person in their...

Key Functional Areas of a Company

A company should be considered a global system comprised of several subsystems. We understand each basic area of the various functions performed by the company in the development of its business, which are necessary to achieve its ultimate goals. The establishment, organization, coordination, delineation, etc., of these areas is based on the direction of the company.

Supply and Production Area

The primary function of this area is to responsibly provide raw materials in the most advantageous way possible for the company, considering both physical and economic conditions. It also controls the entire process of transforming these materials into finished products, sometimes storing these products until their sale....

DF.GMP: Good Manufacturing Practices Procedure

Buenas prácticas de elaboración.

PNT: Standardized Written Procedures

Standardized written procedures (PNT) are approved according to proper standards, setting and monitoring the activities performed, both in developing a formulation or Master Formula (FM), and in their quality control.

Types of PNT

• General Procedures: Describe general affairs of several departments.
• Specific Procedures: Describe staff and organizational methods or rules of a department, e.g., cleaning tools.

Label Data (Etiket)

1. RP or FM: The name must match the form set out in the National Formulary.
2. Complete Composition: At least the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients.
3. Pharmaceutical Form (FF), Route of Administration,

Characteristics of Wireless Communication

• Information is sent and received using areal, infrared light, or ultrasound signals.
• The waves are propagated through space at the speed of light.

Characteristics of a Wave

1. Amplitude: The maximum value that a wave can reach, which depends on the wave's energy. The value diminishes with distance and is measured in meters.
2. Frequency: The number of times the wave oscillates per second, measured in Hz.
3. Period: The time it takes for the wave to complete a cycle, measured in seconds.
4. Wavelength: The distance it takes for a wave to complete a cycle, measured as the distance between two crests.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all electromagnetic waves from low to high frequency.

Frequency

1. Attenuation: Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength as it travels through the transmission medium, such as copper cables or fiber optic cables. It can occur due to factors like distance, cable quality, and interference. Attenuation can lead to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in errors or loss of data.

2. Noise: Noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic signals that interfere with the desired signal. It can be caused by external sources like electromagnetic radiation, electrical equipment, or crosstalk from adjacent cables. Noise can introduce errors or distort the original signal, affecting the accuracy of the transmitted data.

3. Delay: Delay refers to the time taken for a signal to travel from the source to the