Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Other courses

Professional Eye Correction Techniques

Correcting the Eye Line

• Horizontal: Use upward shadows.
• Ascending: The lower line of the eye chart should be placed below the natural elongated line.
• Descending: Use ascending lines and shadows; avoid applying mascara to the end of the eyelid.

Adjusting Eye Size

• Large: Use dark colors bordering the eye.
• Small (Pekeños): Apply color from the center of the lid to the external angle.

Enhancing Eye Shape

• Round: Apply clear shadow inside the eyelid and dark shadow on the edge, extending to the outside.
• Almond (Macaroons): Use eyeliner and shadows in an upward direction.

Managing Eye Distance

• Close-set (Together): Use the lightest shade on the inside of the eyelid and darker shades at the outer eye.
• Wide-set (Apart): Use

Ionizing Radiation Fundamentals

Radiation is defined as a form of energy transmission through space.

Ionizing Radiation Characteristics

Ionizing radiation is capable of producing ions in the atoms of matter with which it comes into contact. Its primary characteristics include:

• Energy: Greater than 1.23 MeV.
• Cumulative Power: It collects dose effects over time.
• Detection: It is not detectable by human senses.
• Nature: It can be corpuscular or consist of electromagnetic (EM) waves.

Types of Ionizing Radiation

• Alpha (α): Stopped by a sheet of paper and travels only a few inches.
• Beta (β): Stopped by aluminum or several meters of air.
• Gamma (γ) and X-rays: Stopped by lead or concrete shielding.
• Neutron: Stopped by hydrogen-rich materials.

Non-Ionizing Radiation

These...

A

• Aloa: A poem, shortly.
• Altruistic: Trying the good of others without expecting profit.
• Allude: Mention.
• Arancel: Official rate.
• Argue: To dispute, to debate.
• Aria: Musical composition.
• Arrogant: Proud, graceful, brave.
• Augustus: Having respect for something majestic.
• Augur: Prophet of negative events.

B

• Banal: Trivial, vulgar.
• Buero: Pointless.

C

• Callow: Immature.
• Caustic: Aggressive, trenchant.
• Celibate: Unmarried.
• Choleric: Easily carried away by anger.
• Customary: The usual.

D

• Diaphanous: Transparent.
• Diatribe: Speech against someone.
• Dim: Resign.
• Discourteous: Disagreeable.
• Discolo: Conflictive.

E

• Egis: Protection.
• Emplaster: Place a layer of plaster on the wall.
• Epitome: Summary, outline.
• Equity: Equality.
• Eremite: Hermit.
• Execrate: To damn.

F

• Famished: Hungry.
• Feeble:

Module I: Foundational Frameworks & Surveillance Systems

1. Fundamental Principles & Triads

• Epidemiology Definition: The systematic study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.

• Descriptive Epidemiology Triad (The 3 Ws):

  • Person: Who is getting sick? (Age, biological sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, vaccination status).

  • Place: Where is the disease occurring? (Geographic coordinates, urban vs. rural, hospital wings, school rooms).

  • Time: When are cases spiking? (Seasonal variation, daily clusters, hourly onset timeline).

• Analytic Epidemiology Triad (The Infectious Disease Triangle):

  • Agent: The pathogen or mechanism causing

Analgesic Comparisons and Potency

1. Fentanyl is more powerful than morphine.
2. Aspirin is less effective than ibuprofen.
3. Morphine works faster than ibuprofen.
4. Fentanyl is the fastest analgesic in the table.
5. Ibuprofen lasts longer than morphine.
6. Aspirin is as slow as ibuprofen to start working.
7. Morphine is not as long-lasting as ibuprofen.
8. Fentanyl has the shortest duration of all the drugs.
9. Aspirin is the least potent medication in the chart.
10. Ibuprofen is as effective as some moderate painkillers.

Emergency Accident Response

In this kind of accident, acting quickly and safely is essential to protect people’s lives. Staying calm, assessing the situation, and applying basic first aid can prevent complications and reduce the risk of serious injuries until emergency...

Understanding the Term "Inter Galvanic Current"

The term Inter galvanic current is not standard or widely recognized in medical, scientific, or engineering contexts. It likely refers to one of the following concepts, based on how the term might be interpreted:

1. Galvanic Current in Electrotherapy and Cosmetology

Galvanic current is a Direct Current (DC) used primarily in medical and cosmetic treatments, particularly in electrotherapy. It is continuous, unidirectional, and typically used to:

• Stimulate blood circulation.
• Promote tissue healing.
• Perform iontophoresis (driving medications or ions through the skin).
• Treat muscle atrophy or improve muscle tone.
• Used in facial treatments for deep cleansing (desincrustation) and product penetration (iontophoresis)

Hospital Staff and Their Roles

• A paediatrician treats children.
• A midwife attends births and delivers babies.
• A cardiologist specializes in illnesses of the heart and blood vessels.
• A porter moves equipment, furniture, and patients around the hospital.
• A radiologist takes X-rays and other medical images.
• A scrub nurse supports surgeons in the operating theatre.
• A pharmacist prepares medicines for medical staff or patients.
• A paramedic responds to emergencies and provides first aid.
• A surgeon performs operations.
• A lab technician examines samples and tissues under a microscope.

Grammar Practice: Past Tense Exercises

Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets:

• a. When he was working, he broke his arm. (break, work)
• b. My son was holding a firework

Medical English Phrases for Nurses

Questions and Answers

If a patient tells you "the pain never goes away", what does he mean?

The pain is constant.

¿En qué parte cambia de color? Find the English word that means:

A bruising / Find the English word that means

"The period worked by a group of nurses"?

Shift / I told the nurse that

My symptoms were dizziness, sickness and constipation?

I felt dizzy, sick and constipated.

Choose the correct statement about the nursing grades in the UK:

• Student nurses, who are still in training, get the lowest pay, but they don't stay at the bottom of the pay scale forever.

Linda dijo a la enfermera: se había dado un golpe el día antes, ¿qué síntomas podría tener?

Bruising, aching and swelling.

How do you say in English

Language Work: Using Articles

Use "a" or "an" depending on the sound: An hour, an umbrella, a university, a happy man.

The Definite Article: The

Pronunciation: (de) the media / the UN; (di) the editor / the American way.

Use "the" for:

• Unique things: The sun, the Princess of Wales.
• Health: A headache (dolor de cabeza).
• Transport: Catch/take the bus.
• Organizations: The Police, the Army, the UN.
• Public Buildings: The Bank, the Palace of Justice.
• Places: Cardinal points, rivers.
• Time: The 90s, seasons, the morning/afternoon.
• People and Work: The director, the editor, the French.

Zero Article: When Not to Use Articles

• Generics: People, money, newspapers.
• Health: To have diabetes, bad breath.
• Transport: On foot, go home, by bus.
• Organizations: British Airways, NATO.