Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Breathing Exercises for Subconscious Regulation

During the realization of subconscious regulation, perform a standard respiration accompanied by some hyperventilation. This process renovates the air in your lungs to maximize capacity, provided the exercise is aerobic. The correct form of breathing is to inhale through your nose and exhale through your mouth. This method is superior because it prevents cold air from penetrating the throat, avoiding potential irritation.

Understanding Relaxation

Relaxation refers to a pleasant physical and psychic state where activities become gratifying and within the norm of physical stability.

Key Benefits of Relaxation

• Increased Concentration: Stress reduces physical and intellectual performance, making tasks

Personal Habits and Their Impact on Health

Personal attitudes significantly affect health. Negative behaviors include smoking tobacco, alcohol consumption, drug addiction, maintaining a poor diet, lack of physical activity, and failing to practice safe sex.

The Dangers of Tobacco Consumption

Tobacco causes both physical and psychological dependence due to the need to consume nicotine. It leads to chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as heart disease, cancer, and strokes (brain attacks).

Healthy and Balanced Diets

A healthy diet aligns with the food pyramid, where food is distributed into different groups. A balanced diet must provide adequate amounts of the three types of macronutrients...

Malaria

Malaria: Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. This parasite affects the liver cells and red blood cells (erythrocytes), where it reproduces. The rupture of the erythrocytes causes severe fever, chills, and anemia.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment: Antimalarial drugs. Prevention is the best method to avoid malaria. Mosquito control using insecticides is crucial.

Other Vector-Borne Illnesses

Other diseases transmitted by vectors include Yellow Fever (transmitted by Aedes aegypti), Dengue, West Nile Fever, and Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks).

Diarrheal Diseases

These are health problems caused by intestinal microorganisms that infect people, often spreading through contaminated...

Immune Responses and Global Pandemics

One person or one pet that has reacted against an infection or a subtoxic dose develops antibodies against it. If these are injected into another person, they do not necessarily protect the vaccinated individual against a certain microorganism. Interferon makes the entry of the virus into other cells difficult. Pandemics are diseases that affect a very large territory, such as pneumonia and avian flu.

Understanding Non-Infectious Diseases

Cancer: Causes, Types, and Prevention

Cancer is a disease where a transformation occurs in a body tissue cell, causing them to reproduce in an uncontrolled and abnormal way. It is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Major types include lung, colon,...

Antihypertensive Drug Cheat Sheet

🧠 Hypertension Basics

• Normal BP: <120/<80 mmHg

• Stage 1 HTN: 130–139 / 80–89 mmHg

• Stage 2 HTN: ≥140 / ≥90 mmHg

• HTN Crisis: ≥180 / ≥120 mmHg

• Complications: Stroke, MI, CKD, HF, ED

💦 Diuretics

🧬 RAAS Inhibitors

How to Eat for a Better Mind

What we eat impacts not only our body but also our mind, as it directly affects the structure and function of our brain.

Eating a healthy, balanced diet can improve brain function, mood, and attention, while lowering the risk of anxiety and depression. So-called "brain foods"—such as berries, dark chocolate, green tea, nuts, and salmon—are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and other nutrients that our brain needs to function at its best.

Just as important as eating well is avoiding harmful foods. A diet high in sugar, fats, processed foods, and alcohol is linked to diminished brain function and worsened symptoms of mood disorders.

In summary, we all have the power to improve our nutrition to help...

Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Belly button, Blood vessel, Brain cell, Calf, Cheek, Chin, Eyebrows, Eyelash, Fingernail, Forehead, Hairline, Heart, Lung, Muscle, Thigh, Heel, Jaw, Hip, Rib

Sleep and Rest

• Cheer up, Cope with, Get by, Go ahead, Pay off, Pick out, Soak up, Switch off, Work out, Doze off, Drop off to sleep, Fast asleep, Rest, Sleep deprivation, Sleep pattern, Sleepy, Snore, Take a nap, Unconscious, Wide awake

Social Etiquette and Behavior

• Bad manners, Blink, Blow your nose, Blunt, Bow, Handshake, Impolite, Lack of respect, Nod your head, Stare, Take offence, Whistle

Idioms and Expressions

• A pack of lies, A red flag, Lead someone up the garden path, Lie through your teeth, Look someone in the eye, Make a break for it, On the level, Practice

Hyperthermia: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Causes of Hyperthermia

The body's normal temperature is controlled by the Hypothalamus, which maintains thermal homeostasis. Hyperthermia occurs when the thermoregulatory mechanism is overwhelmed by:

1. Increased environmental heat or strenuous exercise.
2. Increased heat production by the body (e.g., metabolic disorders).
3. Decreased heat emission or impaired thermoregulation.

Diagnosis (Dx) of Hyperthermia

I. Clinical Features (CF)

• Sweating (may be absent in severe heatstroke)
• Central Nervous System (CNS) changes (e.g., confusion, delirium)
• Tachycardia
• Pupillary changes

II. Instrumental and Laboratory Tests

• Body Temperature Measurement (Core temperature is essential)
• ECG: May show QRS widening or Osborn waves.
• Blood

SHOKU KARDIOGJEN

Eshte insuficence cirkulatore akute dhe progressive  gjate te cilit debiti kardiak nuk eshte ne gjendje te furnizoje indet me O2 dhe lende ushqyese  dhe  te terheqe prej tyre produktet e fundme te metabolizmit

Eshte nje gjendje e dificitit te rende te perfuzionit indor.

Shkaqet jane te shumta si hipovolemia, peritonitet, anafilaxia, helmimet, semundjet endocrine ( sem. Addison ) si dhe shkaqet kardiake.

Klinika :  - hypotension ( presioni sistolik <90mmhg ) ="" -="" takikardi,="" takipne,="" zbehje,="" axhitim,="" alterim="" i="" shqisav  ="" -="" shenja="" te="" vazokonstrixionit="" periferik="" te="" thexuar="" :="" puls="" i="" dobet,        ="" gjymtyret="" e="" ftohte="" dhe="" te="">90mmhg> - temperature...