Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Essential Fashion Vocabulary

Suede: Leather or similar fabric finished with a soft, slightly rough surface. Spanish: ante.

Phrasal Verbs:

• To get away with: To do something "bad" without being punished for it.
• To cut down: To reduce.
• To dress up: To wear smarter clothes than usual.
• To fit with something: If one thing fits in with something, they look pleasant together or they are suitable for each other.
• To go out: To go somewhere for entertainment.
• To keep up with: To understand something that is changing fast.
• To pull on: To put on (clothing) hastily.
• To put together: To create something by joining or combining different things.
• To save up: To keep money for something in the future.
• To slip on: To put something on quickly.
• To stand out: To be easy to see

English Sentence Transformation Exercises

Introductory Verbs in Reported Speech

1. ... forbade Paul to go out/from going out that day.
2. ... begged Mona to help him clean up the mess.
3. ... invited the lady to join the group.
4. ... agreed that recycling was a good thing.
5. ... promised to help the boy learn how to read.
6. ... apologised for not helping him earlier.
7. ... suggested using public transport more often.
8. ... encouraged Alan to create an environmental group.

Unit 4: Modal Verbs and Verb Patterns

1. Can’t be Michael Jackson
2. Might be able to buy
3. Can’t be very ill
4. Could be from
5. He must always be
6. Must have seen a
7. Might have worked
8. Must have lived in
9. Can’t have been
10. Must have been bitten by
11. Can’t have been
12. She must have had
13. Could be tired
14. Might have been why
15. Remember to

The passive be+past participle ( the house was built in 1864) The causative have/get + object + past participle (David is going to have his house painted next month).

Modals (must, couldn’t, ought to, will be able to, might not, may, mustn't, don’t have to)

Pres.Simple->signs->are signed  Pres.Cont->is singning->are being signed

Pres.Simple->signed->were signed  Past.Cont->was signing->were being signed

Pres.PerfSimple->has signed->have been signed  Futur.Simpl->will sign->will be signed

Modals->should sign-> should be signed Modalsperfect->must have signed

->must have been signed Have.To->has to sign->have to be signed

be.Going.To->is going to sign->are going to be signed

can->solo...

Overqualified →

Demasiado calificado.

Oversleep →

Dormir por encima de lo que se debe.

Overeat →

Comer por encima de lo normal.

Misinform →

To inform sb incorrectly.

Eyesane →

Pain of eyes. / When you watch sb ugly.

Good scrub →

To clean sth with concience.

Loan →

Préstamo.

Spread - Spread - Spread →

Esparcir.

Demanding challenge →

Un reto difícil.

Remove →

Quitar.

Crews →

People who have the same job.

Memo →

Información.

Grease stain →

Mancha de grasa.

To realise →

To understand sth or sb.

Litter →

Basura de papel. Rubbish, especially paper.

Ruined →

Distroy sth.

Eliminated →

Removed.

Deteriorated →

Damaged.

Show →

Display.

Around →

About. (Aproximately)

Willing to →

To want to do sth / To have the intention to do sth.

Cheer

Understanding Relationships & Personal Ownership

Key Relationship Vocabulary

• Ask (someone) out - pedir salir
• Be on the rebound - estar en el rebote
• Be seeing (someone) - estar saliendo con alguien
• Be through (with someone) - haber terminado con alguien
• Break off (a relationship) - romper una relación
• Cheat on (someone) - ser infiel a alguien
• Dump (someone) - dejar a alguien
• Fancy (someone) - que te atraiga alguien
• Have a crush on (someone) - tener atracción por alguien
• Have a date with (someone)
• Have a row with (someone) - tener una discusión
• Hurt (someone) - herir a alguien (emocionalmente)
• On the rocks - a punto de desmoronarse (una relación)
• Split up with (someone) - separarse de alguien
• There are plenty more fish in the sea - hay muchas más personas

PRESENT SIMPLE

I-you-we-they -> cook, (cocina) don't

He-She-It -> cooks, washes (cocina) doesn't

PAST SIMPLE

I-you-we-they -> cooked (cocinó) didn't cook

He-She-It -> cooked (cocinó) didn't cook

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

I-you-we-they -> am-Are cooking (cocinando) not-aren't

He-She-It -> is cooking (cocinando) isn't

PAST CONTINUOUS

you-we-they -> were cooking (estaban cocinando) weren't cooking

I-he-she-it -> was cooking (estaba cocinando) wasn't cooking

PRESENT PERFECT

i-you-we-they have eaten- haven't

he-she-it has eaten hasn't

PAST PERFECT

I-you-we-they - had eaten- hadn't eaten

he-she-it- had eaten hadn't cooked

FUTURE SIMPLE

i-you-we-they - will win - won't

he-she-it- will win - won't

FUTURE PERFECT

i-you-we-they-he-she-it- will have lost...

Spallanzani and Spontaneous Generation

Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham's experiment, but instead, he removed the air from the flask. No growth occurred, so he disproved the theory.

Louis Pasteur and Microorganisms

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that air is full of microorganisms by passing air through gun cotton filters. The filter trapped tiny particles floating in the air. By dissolving the cotton in a mixture of ether and alcohol, particles were released and then settled to the bottom of the liquid. It revealed numerous microbes that resembled various types of bacteria. He realized that if bacteria were present in the air, then they would likely land on and contaminate anything exposed to it.

Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis

• Abiogenesis: The study

Key Facts About Vitamin C and Ascorbic Acid

Essential Insights on Vitamin C

• Most animals (excluding guinea pigs, apes, and humans) synthesize ascorbic acid from L-guluronic lactone.
• The daily requirement for Vitamin C is approximately 100 mg, increasing to 1,000 mg during illness.
• Vitamin C determination is typically performed using the Tillmans Method.
• The Tillmans Method relies on the reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by L-ascorbic acid.
• According to available data, Dried Wild Rose contains the highest level of Vitamin C, at 1,700 mg.

Essential Oil Chromatography and Chemical Properties

This document summarizes key chemical data and procedures related to the chromatographic separation and analysis of essential oils, focusing on techniques like Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC).

Aim of the Chromatographic Exercise

The primary objective of this laboratory exercise is:

• Chromatographic division of essential oils using two-way TLC chromatography.

Essential Oil Composition

Essential oils are complex mixtures of compounds that belong to several major chemical classes. These include:

• Terpenes
• Sesquiterpenes
• Aldehydes
• Alcohols
• Ketones
• Acids

Reagents and Solvents for Analysis

Extraction Reagent for Azulene Oils

The specific reagent used to extract oils containing azulene is:

Benzene

Chromatographic

The Concept of Health

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. This definition is often considered too idealistic because few individuals achieve such a complete state. The health status of individuals results from various factors, including genetic legacy, environment, behavioral choices, and access to health systems.

Risk Factors and Their Impact

A risk factor is any detectable circumstance in a person related to the probability of developing a disease. These may be associated with individuals, family groups, or communities, acting together to enhance their effects. In all societies, certain individuals or communities have a higher likelihood of becoming ill or dying....