Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Language and literature for Secondary education

Narration and Description: Narration is a text type where a narrator tells a story about characters in a specific place and time. Description details a person, object, place, or process. Basic text forms (narrative, description, and dialogue) can appear individually or combined in a single piece.

Statements: Statements (words, phrases, sentences) are minimal communication units, separated by pauses, conveying a complete message. A simple sentence has one verb; multiple verbs create a complex sentence.

Using the Dictionary: Dictionary entries may include information on etymology, gender, grammatical category, meanings, expressions, usage fields, and more. To find a word, locate the infinitive form; nouns and adjectives are listed in the masculine...

1. The Narrative Pact and Reader Complicity

The narrative pact is the tacit agreement established between writer and reader—a form of complicity. The writer recounts an event that the reader likely realizes is not real or contains flaws. Yet, far from being discouraged, the reader accepts the situation, imagining and immersing themselves in it.

In "Continuity of Parks" by Julio Cortázar, a man creates the perfect atmosphere while nearing the end of an adventure. The story depicts an encounter between a man and a woman who, once finished, go their separate ways. We witness a continuity as the man (from the story) travels to the reader's house to assassinate him.

Anyone reading this story will notice the crossing between the two planes—the...

Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper and Trifles

In both "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell, women are trapped by the roles that society gives them. These stories show how women’s voices are ignored, and how that leads to suffering or rebellion.

The Yellow Wallpaper: A Symbol of Entrapment

In "The Yellow Wallpaper," the woman is told by her husband, who is a doctor, to rest and not think too much. He doesn’t believe she knows what’s best for her own health. She is stuck in a room where she starts to see a woman behind the wallpaper. The wallpaper becomes a symbol for how she feels trapped in her life. By the end, she believes she is the woman behind the wallpaper, and she loses her grip on...

Základné definície: Hybnosť a Impulz sily

Hybnosť (p) je definovaná ako súčin hmotnosti telesa (m) a jeho rýchlosti (v): $p = m \cdot v$.

Impulz sily (I) je definovaný ako zmena hybnosti, teda $I = \Delta p = F \cdot \Delta t$, kde $F$ je sila a $\Delta t$ je čas, počas ktorého táto sila pôsobí.

Príklady výpočtu hybnosti (p)

1. Hybnosť auta

• Hmotnosť: $m = 1000 \text{ kg}$
• Rýchlosť: $v = 90 \text{ km/h} = 25 \text{ m/s}$
• Výpočet: $p = m \cdot v = 1000 \text{ kg} \cdot 25 \text{ m/s} = 25\,000 \text{ kg}\cdot\text{m/s}$

2. Zmena hybnosti vlaku

• Hmotnosť: $m = 30 \text{ ton} = 30\,000 \text{ kg}$
• Počiatočná rýchlosť: $v_1 = 50 \text{ km/h} \approx 13.89 \text{ m/s}$
• Konečná rýchlosť: $v_2 = 80 \text{ km/h} \approx 22.22

Business and General Vocabulary

Exhibitions and Trade Shows

• brochure
• business card
• competitor
• exhibition
• free gift
• leaflet
• LED screen
• name tag
• promotional material
• stand (noun)

Countries and Nationalities

• American / USA
• Britain / British
• France / French
• Germany / German
• Ireland / Irish
• Italy / Italian
• Japan / Japanese
• Nigeria / Nigerian
• Peru / Peruvian
• Thailand / Thai

Weather Terminology

• cloudy
• cold
• cool
• freezing
• hot
• rainy
• snowy
• stormy
• sunny
• warm
• windy

Transportation and Travel

General Transport Methods

• aeroplane
• bus
• ferry
• motorbike
• ship
• taxi
• train
• tram
• underground

Giving Directions

• bus stop
• catch a bus
• cross (verb)
• entrance
• exit (noun)
• get off
• get on
• junction
• pass (verb)
• platform
• route map
• sign (noun)
• traffic light
• train station
• zebra crossing

Booking Flights

• arrival
• book a flight
• business class
• departure
• direct

LOMCE-Madrid Decree 89/2014 and English Language

Treatment of Content and Skills

The Primary curriculum emphasizes grammar within language systems over skills development.

EFL Unit Planning with Royal Decree 5958/2010

Royal Decree 5958/2010 helps with EFL unit planning by setting specific, realistic skills in language development classes.

Integrating Skills Work in Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

In CLT, skills work is often integrated into language development classes (focused on language systems) through:

• Restricted Exposure: Aural or written texts introduce the target language in a rich context (e.g., Hi Five 5, lessons 1 and 2).
• Target Language Practice: Primarily fluency speaking, sometimes extended writing.

Breaking Down Macro Skills in

Due to the sheer effort it has to put in to move its hulking body, and the image of fish bellies for eyes is a disturbing image that makes me think of a dead or soulless creature, as eyes are supposedly the window to the soul. The quote his stall narrows to rage is also quite a frightening quote, as I would not like to be around such a colossal creature when it is enraged. To add to the aggression of the bull, Clarke describes the smell of a heifer's fear sweet (from the point of view of the bull). The fact the bull knows the smell of fear makes the reader even more afraid of this absolute monster of an animal that relishes its counterpart's fear.

But the poem ends with an empathetic view of the bull describing his aggressive behaviour as a...

Literary Themes and Character Analysis in English Literature

Evangelical Characters in Literature: Eliza Reed

Evangelicals were pious people, showing reverence for God and a wish to fulfill their religious obligations. It was often difficult to criticize them because they were highly intelligent and cultivated individuals. However, they were frequently considered emotionally inadequate and hypocritical because they viewed themselves as purer and morally superior to others. This behavior is notably depicted in characters like Eliza Reed in Jane Eyre.

Moreover, Evangelical characters are often presented as negative forces attempting to destroy positive elements. They are frequently portrayed as figures who inflict oppression upon children.

The Shift

Business and Workplace Vocabulary

• Trade Union (Sindicato)
• Company Policy (Política de Empresa)
• Absence Rate (Tasa de Ausentismo)
• Short Term (Corto Plazo)
• Public Service (Servicio Público)
• Average Cost (Promedio)

Sentence Practice: Business Terms

• In my college, the absence rate is quite high.
• I belong to a trade union.
• The average cost of production has risen.
• The public service workers are on strike.
• We have a new short-term summer contract.
• It is against company policy.

Marketing and Economic Terms

• Advertising (Publicidad)
• Money (Dinero)
• Product Placement (Colocación de Productos)
• The Chain (La Cadena)
• Give Up (Renunciar)
• Unemployment (Desempleo)
• Over (Sobre/Por encima de)
• Increasing (Creciente)

Sentence Practice: Marketing and Economics

• I have never used advertising

The Editorial: An Argumentative Text

The editorial is an argumentative text type. The reader knows the valuation the paper makes of a fact as important. Its key features include:

• Authorship: It is an unsigned text showing the opinions of the paper on the topics to be published.
• Theme: It must cover current and relevant topics affecting politics, the economy, or society.
• Function: It places the issue, provides relevant data, makes judgments, and predicts a possible future.
• Situation: It appears in a prominent place in the opinion section of a media outlet.

Criticism of the Press

Criticism of the press is a signed text in which the reporter shows their opinion on a film, an exhibition, a concert, or similar events.

Advertising and Persuasion

Advertising...