Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

1. Time

Antonio Machado identified himself as a "poet of time," understanding time not as an abstract concept but as something living and personal. It is the limited, individual history of each person, which exists and passes, yet remains in memory. Within memory, personal boundaries and anecdotes blur, leaving behind universal, refined sentiment. The poet expresses a keen sensitivity to time, facing the fatal passage of hours and days.

Symbols of Time:

• Water: The flow of a river symbolizes the passage of time and, consequently, inner life. However, water can also represent death.
• Afternoon: Expresses a melancholy feeling, a spiritual voice.
• Roads: Symbols of life or associated with it. When depicted in a poem, the road often blurs, clearing into

The Expansion of Information

A) Expansion of Information Resources

• Apposition

  An apposition is a word or phrase that is positioned immediately after another and that serves to explain something because of consequence (explanatory apposition) or to add information that differentiates and specifies (specifying apposition). Example: "Water, the vital element, had a strong presence in that garden."

• The Example

  The example serves to define or specify a general statement. Example: "My neighbor is a consumer; for example, his greatest happiness is walking through the malls on weekends in order to buy pleasure."

• Sentences with Adjectives and Explanatory Specifications

  Examples: "The students, who study, will pass" and "The students studying will pass."

• Paraphrases

Literary Language

Literary language is used by writers in their works to create a new reality, a fantasy world, through verbal language, which is also used in everyday communication. While other arts, like music or painting, have their own languages.

Linguistic Forms

Normally, the register of literary text is educated, caring, and sometimes very complex and elaborate, especially in poetry. The special use of language is due to its peculiar communicative situation: literary communication is unilateral to an unknown reader or listener, is conditioned by the social value of literary tradition (genres, techniques, styles, etc.), from which the writer cannot escape, and their goal is aesthetic.

Although, as stated above, it is difficult to define the...

A Little Cloud: Story Summary

One evening, a fussy, conservative Dublin clerk known as Little Chandler sets out to meet his old friend Gallaher at a restaurant called Corless's. Gallaher left Dublin eight years earlier and has made a success of himself as a journalist in London. On the way, Little Chandler fantasizes about succeeding himself, as a writer of poetry. At the restaurant, Gallaher tells Little Chandler about his adventures abroad; afterward, Little Chandler returns home to his wife (Annie) and baby daughter, where he fantasizes further about success as a poet, loses his temper with the child, and then feels remorseful.

A Little Cloud: Literary Commentary

Thematic Echoes in Dubliners

This story reiterates the dynamic of several other...

Defining Narrative: Story, History, and Plot

A narrative is the relationship (real or imaginary) between events that occur to characters in a specific place and at a particular time. Every narrative contains a story.

• History: This refers to the series of events that have occurred in reality or in the imagination.
• Story (Plot): This is the expression of these facts—how the history is presented. From history, we can derive many stories or accounts.

Key Elements of Narrative: Author and Narrator

The Author

The author is the writer or real person who creates the account. In literary narratives, the author expresses themselves through the narrator, who is responsible for recounting the facts.

Types of Narrators

The narrator is the voice that tells the...

For an exam question on Knowledge Organisation Systems (KOS), you should group these systems by their level of structural complexity—moving from simple flat lists to complex semantic networks. This logical progression demonstrates a deep understanding of how these systems evolve.

Here is a concise, exam-ready response:

What is a Knowledge Organisation System (KOS)?

A Knowledge Organisation System (KOS) is a generic term for all types of schemes used to organise, manage, and facilitate the retrieval of information. They act as bridges between a user’s information need and the collection's resources.

Major Types of Knowledge Organisation Systems

Group 1: Term-List Based Systems (Low Complexity)

These systems focus on standardising terms to prevent...

10 Oraciones con el verbo to be

Pronombre= I we, you, they he, she, it

Verbo= am Are is

1=I am a teacher student

2=She is beautiful

3=they are my friends

4=we´re al school

5=it is the capital

6=I am married

7=you are in the classroom

8=they are from Costa Rica

9=he is from Honduras

10=she is very happy

Frequency adverbs

Always= siempre usually= generalmente usualmente often= a menudo sometimes= a veces

Never= nunca

1= I always eat take a shower

2= I always dress

1= I usually wash clothes

2= I usually cook

1= I sometimes feed my dog

2= I sometimes practice sports

1= I never dance

2= I never sleep on the bus

Numeros cardinales

1 one 17 seventeen 1st first 17 th seventeenth

2 two 18 eighteen 2 nd second 18 th eighteenth

3 three 19 nineteen 3 rd third 19 th nineteenth

4...

Consistency in Text

Consistency is an inherent property of all text, which is the ability to form a unified whole in which the parts remain locked to each other in content. In other words, a text is coherent:

1. When presented with a meaningful unity or sense, be seen from the existence of a clear and specific topic (global or thematic coherence).
2. When the component parts are not isolated but are connected to each other, forming a structure (linear or structural coherence).
3. When the successive statements convey ideas or judgments that do not violate the basic principles of logic, common sense, or universal standards of human development (local coherence).

Global Consistency

All information contained in a text is built around a core sheet or issue closely...

Words for Predicting the Future

Prescient - knowing or suggesting what will happen in the future

Prognosticate - to foretell from signs or symptoms

Prophecy - a prediction of what will happen in the future

Speculate - form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence

People Who Make Predictions

Town Planner - a professional involved in the planning and control of the construction, growth, and development of a town or other urban area

Weather Forecaster - someone whose job is to study the weather and predict what it will be like in the future

Career Advisor - someone who gives information about education and work opportunities to children and youths

Financial Advisor - a person whose job is to provide financial advice to clients

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