Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

1. Geography: Studying Territories

Knowledge about the environment has been a constant human need since ancient times. Geography was born out of this necessity, as a discipline that describes territories and explains the processes behind their creation.

1.1 Geography: The Science of Territories

• Physical geography is the study of the natural environment: relief, climates, water, plants, soil structure and fauna.

• Human geography is the study of human populations and their characteristics, such as types of settlements, the use of resources and transport, as well as social, cultural and political activity. Human geography investigates all human activity that affects the Earth.

• Regional geography studies the natural or artificial units modified by humans

English-Catalan Job Interview and CV Vocabulary

Operate the gneral emrgency alarm,inform the master,requested from(pidio asistencia a),offered by(ofrecio asistencia por parte de),accepted from,transmit a securite,distress alert,repeat the distress alert,this is your captain speaking,we are aground,a minor fire in,replace the harbour pin(cambie gancho amarre),fill up fuel(rellene cmbustibl),all bilge pumps are operational,fill up oil,secure the slip gear(sujete mecansmo d arriado,check the lifeboat equipment and report,secure the inflation cord(haga firme cabo inflado),replace the liferaft in the next port,complete the lifeboat equipment,search for missing passengers,watchkeepers to assembly stations(oficiales de guardia acudan a los puestos de reunion),all persons are outside the danger...

Textual Analysis Framework

This framework serves as a comprehensive method for analyzing a text face-to-face, focusing on structural, linguistic, and contextual elements.

1. Textual Aspects

• a) Summary: A brief condensation of the plot.
• b) Full Text: The complete passage under analysis.
• c) Organization of Ideas: Evaluating how the text is structured. We analyze how the mentioned parts eventually form a cogent, cohesive unit that maintains an adequate temporal flow and narrator consistency from start to finish.

2. Verbal Aspects

• a) Phonetic Level: We examine the sentence patterns (such as declarative sentences), the potential use of vulgar language, and rhetorical figures operating at this level.
• b) Morphosyntactic Level:
  • Nouns: Concrete versus abstract

Properties of Linguistic Signs

Linguistic signs possess several key properties:

• Arbitrariness: The relationship between the signifier (the form of the sign) and the signified (the concept it represents) is conventional, not natural.
• Discontinuity: Linguistic signs are distinct units, separate from one another.
• Linearity: In spoken language, sounds are produced sequentially, one after another, forming a chain in time as they reach the receiver.
• Immutability: From an individual speaker's perspective at a given time, the link between signifier and signified is fixed and cannot be easily changed by the individual. (Note: Language itself is mutable and changes over time within the community).

The Linguistic Sign and Its Components

A sign consists of distinct...

4. Aspectual periphrasis .- They may be given several types:
* Inchoative (report the onset of action (it is about to leave ...)
* Durata: information for action in its development (being considered ...)
* Results. To report the action (the lecture is finished ...)
* Iter. Report the repetition of an action (again explained the lesson ...)
5. Periphrasis manners. They are of several types:
a) the obligation: duty, have to, have to ... He must study the exam.
b) the possibility or probability: duty, power, having to ... Must be in the yard.
c) approach: come to, to ... The pen can cost a few thousand pesetas. In semantics, Synonyms is a similarity between certain meanings. Synonymy is between absolute terms whose meaning is identical.

Phonic Resources

Alliteration

Repetition of phonemes or syllables in several words.

Paronomasias

Slight phonetic changes involved.

Diafora

Disparate meanings: repetition of a word with different meanings.

Morphosyntactic Resources

Anaphora

Repetition of one or more words at the beginning of successive verses or statements.

Epiphora

Repetition of a word at the end of several verses.

Anadiplosis

Repeating the last element of a group of words at the beginning of the next group.

Epanadiplosis

Repetition of a word at the beginning and end of a verse or sentence.

Polysyndeton

Repetition of conjunctions which does not require syntax.

Poliptoton

Repeating the same word with different grammatical accidents.

Enumeration

Sequence of words with the same syntactic function....

Key Points and Literary Works

1. The War of the Worlds by Bryan Haskin: This story illustrates how a radio broadcast, intended as a joke, caused widespread panic. It claimed that Martians were invading Earth, leading to injuries and suicides. This highlights the significant influence of media on social and everyday life.
2. Pseudonyms and Nicknames: The frequent use of pseudonyms, aliases, and nicknames in literature and media.
3. Inclination: This refers to a thematic preference, similar to a recurring motif.
4. Belisa Crepusculario by Isabel Allende: This story features a woman who sells words at varying prices. She utilizes a form of oral communication and even composes love letters, showcasing the power of language.
5. The Things Seen by Jorge Teillier: This

Section 1: Comparatives and Superlatives

1. The traffic during rush hour is significantly heavier than it is late at night.
2. Yesterday’s lecture was by far the most interesting talk of the entire seminar series.
3. Studying a master’s degree online is much more flexible than attending classes.
4. Of the two university campuses, the downtown one is definitely smaller.
5. This is the worst coffee I have ever tasted; it tastes like warm water.
6. Jessica runs faster than anyone else on the high school track team.
7. The prompt for this essay is just as complicated as the previous one.
8. That specific breed of dog is known for being the most loyal companion you can find.
9. The higher you climb up the mountain trail, the colder the air becomes.

Section 2: Prefixes and Suffixes

11. It

딥러닝 핵심 용어 정의 (Brief Definitions)

(i) Training, Validation, Testing Set

• Training Set: 모델의 가중치와 편향을 학습시키기 위해 사용하는 데이터셋입니다.

• Validation Set: 학습 과정 중 하이퍼파라미터 튜닝 및 모델의 성능을 검증하여 과적합 여부를 판단하는 데 사용되는 데이터셋입니다.

• Testing Set: 학습이 완전히 끝난 후, 모델의 최종 성능을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해 사용하는 데이터셋입니다.

(ii) Overfitting (과적합)

모델이 학습 데이터에 너무 과하게 최적화되어, 실제 새로운 데이터(Unseen data)에 대해서는 오차가 커지고 일반화 성능이 떨어지는 현상을 의미합니다.

(iii) Gradient Descent