Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

THEME
is learning history through story and show episodes and incidents that happen to Lazarus. Most of them are of folk and are subordinate to the character, intending to show personality formation process of Lazarus and serve as an explanation to the final state of dishonor to which it arrives. Other issues are hunger, hypocrisy, false honor, poverty, human-solidarity or begging.
OBRA
consists of a prologue and seven treaties that form variable extension letter to unknown person, who is appealing to treat your grace, which tries to justify his case, a situation of shame.
- First three treaties, more extensive and elaborate, describe adventures of lazaro child. Themes that unite them are hungry and cunning.
- From a man treated Lazarus...

Smoking in Pubs? Answer Key

Comprehension (4 Points)

• a) 1) Because their intolerance towards smokers would be censured (line 7).
• 2) Because they were afraid they would become an overprotective state (line 11).
• b) 3) False. The government is going to forbid smoking in all pubs (line 1). (Note: lines 2-3 are also acceptable).
• 4) False. They are examining plans to allow a "smoking-carriage option" (line 4).
• 5) False. The government had been worried about being accused of discriminating against smokers, particularly working-class Labour voters (lines 6-7).
• 6) True. Smoking-related diseases kill more than 100,000 people a year and cost the National Health Service millions of pounds treating people with such diseases (lines 12-13).

Use of English (3 Points)

A History of Pound’s Cantos I–XVI, 1915–1925

Author: Myles Slatin

Key Points

• The article focuses on the development of the first sixteen cantos between 1915 and 1925.
• Slatin studies the writing process, not just the meaning of the finished poem.
• He uses Pound’s letters and published works as evidence.
• Ernest Fenollosa’s notes on Japanese Noh drama influenced Pound’s ideas about poetic structure.
• Pound wanted to create a long poem that did not depend on a traditional, linear story.
• The article explains how Pound gradually developed the form of his modernist epic.

The Belladonna: Eliot’s Female Archetype

Title: The Belladonna: Eliot’s Female Archetype in The Waste Land
Author: Phillip Sicker

• The article examines female characters and archetypes

Source Correction Methods

Source correction is the most effective way to control air pollution because it addresses the problem at the point of origin rather than trying to clean up the air after it has already been contaminated.

1. Substitution of Raw Materials

This involves replacing a raw material that causes high pollution with one that is less harmful.

• Example: Using low-sulfur fuel instead of high-sulfur coal to reduce emissions.
• Example: Switching from solvent-based paints to water-based paints to reduce Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).

2. Process Modification

By altering the manufacturing process or updating equipment, emissions can be significantly reduced.

• Operational Changes: Improving the efficiency of a furnace to ensure complete combustion,

Implementación de Árboles de Decisión y Random Forest

• 1. Preparación de datos: Manejo de NA, Outliers, Balanceo y Escala.
• 2. Train & Test: División del conjunto de datos.
• 3. Creación del modelo: rpart(variable~., data=train), rpart.plot() o randomForest(variable~., data=train, ntree=500).
• 4. Predicción: predict(modelo, mydata, type="class").
• 5. Evaluación: Uso de confusionMatrix, Precision (Pos Pred Value), Recall (Sensitivity) y Accuracy.
• 6. Importancia de variables: varImpPlot().
• 7. Comparación: R² (Árbol < RF), MAE/RMSE (Árbol > RF).

Algoritmo K-Means: Clustering y Segmentación

• 1. Preparación de datos: Normalización (Min-Max [0,1] o Z-Score), tratamiento de Outliers, NA y selección de variables.
• 2. Determinar K: Método del

Linguistic Determinism and Relativism

The Impact of Language on Thought

Linguistic Determinism: This theory posits that language determines thought; therefore, its elements limit the way of thinking (language shapes our thoughts). The way we perceive time and space is part of our grammar. According to this theory, language is much more than a communication tool because it determines our perception of reality and our behavior.

Linguistic Relativism and Cultural Perception

Relativism: The fact of having a certain language makes us see reality in a specific way. Through language, we can understand the reality that surrounds us as well as communicate. This is why the author proposes how we are capable of perceiving reality. A person who speaks two...

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How can Invictus..? Invictus  can do so by combining sport, politics and drama.

What is Mandela’s..?

Mandela’s impossible dream is uniting blacks and whites behind South Africa’s rugby team, the Springboks.

Whendoes Pienaar..?AfterMandela has shared his vision with him, Pienaar leads the team to success.

Why are the leading..?The leading characters of the film are great because of the superb and powerful performance by the actors who play them.

What makes Pienaar..? Understanding that his efforts are important for his country as well as his team makes Pienaar

Viajes y transporte

• comfort (comodidad)
• ashore (costa, en tierra)
• safety (seguridad)
• baggage claim (recogida de equipaje)
• backpacker (mochilero)
• carriage (vagón)
• delays (retrasos)
• carriageway (arcén)
• luggage (equipaje)
• deck (terraza de barco)
• on-board (a bordo)
• departure lounge (sala de embarque del avión)
• dining car (vagón restaurante)
• harbour (puerto)
• jet lag (cambio horario)
• petrol station (gasolinera)
• platform (andén)
• purser (jefe de cabina)
• roundabout (rotonda)
• runway (pista)
• signals (señales)
• sleeper (camarote)
• starboard (estribor / babor)
• stopover (escala, transbordo)
• toll bridge (puente que se levanta)
• traffic lights (semáforos)
• berth (litera / amarre de barco / atracar)
• board (embarcar)
• stranded (abandonado, varado)
• coach (autocar)
• excess baggage (exceso

Lorca's External Structure

The play presents a classical structure, divided into a presentation, middle, and end.

Thematic Analysis

The main theme of the work is the clash between authority and freedom, embodied by two polar characters:

• Bernarda: The mother who enforces silence at the beginning and end of the play.
• Adela: The youngest daughter who rebels against established rules.

These characters represent the struggle between good and evil. Bernarda’s tyranny operates within the limits of the traditional Andalusian society, while Adela’s rebellion is a conscious break from these norms. Other characters, such as the grandmother Maria Josefa, represent "truth" disguised as "madness."

Key Sub-themes

1. Sensual Love and the Pursuit of Men

For these...