Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

Option A: Tobacco, State Control & Liberty

1. Tobacco Purchase License Proposal

A health expert from Australia suggests the creation of an obligatory license to buy tobacco, which would be issued by the government. Since it would have to be renewed periodically, cost money, and perhaps limit the number of cigarettes a person could buy, it might deter people from smoking.

2. Vocabulary Focus

• a) Extreme
• b) High-cost
• c) Inconvenience
• d) Entice

3. Comprehension: Tobacco License Impact

• a) The text asks if a government-issued license could be the best solution to reduce smoking.
• b) If an establishment sells cigarettes to anyone without a license, it will be severely punished.
• c) Shops would not be able to sell tobacco products to anyone without a license.

Verb Phrase

It's composed of at least one verb and the dependents of that verb.

Adjective Phrase

Refers to a phrase built upon an adjective, which functions as the head of that phrase. "much quicker than I".

Adverbial Phrase

Term for a group of two or more words operating adverbially. "I'll go to bed soon".

Coordination

Uses coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, or punctuation to combine short independent clauses into a simple sentence. "The football game has been postponed, so we will have to do something else"

Subordination

Transforms independent clauses into dependent clauses. The football game has been postponed. We'll have to do something else.

Correlative Conjunction

"either...or", "nor...only", "but...also", "so...as", "whether...or"....

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer - Summary

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer is a novel by Patrick Süskind, narrated in the third person, that tells the life of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille.

Grenouille was born in 18th-century France amidst the most obnoxious odors imaginable. Abandoned by his mother, he barely survived. However, he possessed something special from birth: an extraordinary sense of smell. This gift, coupled with his lack of a personal odor, drove him to become a murderer with a singular goal: to create the most exquisite human scent.

This obsession led him to commit heinous crimes, extracting the most exquisite fragrances from his victims' bodies, culminating in an unexpected and surprising ending.

The Development of Odors in the Book

The...

Alexander Graham Bell and the Tipping Alphabet

Alexander Graham Bell utilized a manual alphabet known as the Tipping Alphabet, which can also be found in Dalgarno's work (1680) and was cited by Fortich (1987). This alphabet identified letters using internal areas of the hand. A glove with letters written on it could also be used.

Positive Recruitment

Individuals experiencing positive recruitment go from not hearing a sound to experiencing discomfort. Their auditory perception does not increase proportionally with the stimulus, as described by the Weber-Fechner Law. They begin to hear more intensely than usual, and the perceived intensity increases disproportionately, reaching the threshold sooner than a healthy ear. This phenomenon is associated...

Lazarillo de Tormes: Summary and Analysis

Lazarillo de Tormes has had several sequels and imitations. In 1620, Juan de Luna published the Second Part of Lazarillo of Tormes in Paris. The same year, El Lazarillo de Manzanares by Juan Cortes de Tolosa was published in Madrid. Even in modern times, Camilo José Cela published New Adventures and Misadventures of Lazarillo de Tormes.

Plot and Structure

The novel consists of a prologue and seven treatises of uneven length. It is written in an autobiographical form: the narrator writes to "Your Grace," who has previously asked him to fully explain "the case," referring to rumors about the infidelity of Lázaro's wife. Lázaro does not limit himself to accounting for the case, but, justifying himself...

Direct Object (CD)

The direct object (CD) is the complete, direct object of a transitive verb. It indicates the thing or person that receives the action of the verb. It is a Noun Phrase (NP) that can be preceded by the preposition a (SPREP). It can be expressed with a pronoun or a personal substantive subordinate clause. It joins the verb in two ways:

• Without a preposition when it refers to a thing.
• With the preposition a when it refers to a person or a personified being.

It takes the lead when it comes to personal names with a generic sense. It can be replaced with unstressed personal pronouns: lo, la, los, las. When the CD comes before the verb, it must be repeated later as an unstressed personal pronoun (redundancy). Another way to recognize...

The Style and Narrative Techniques in Unamuno's Work

The content, style, character in the novel, ideological and conceptual, determines the style of the text. It is permeated with narration. The terminology is abstract, full of paradoxes, antitheses, metaphors, metonymy, and symbols. In addition, the style is determined by the presence of a fictional narrator: a 50-year-old woman, who, in writing her memoirs, recalls past events. There are digressions and reflections—some with an ironic tone—of the narrative thread, with exaggerations and reiterations.

Narrative Techniques

All the novel is reconstructed on the literary device of the found manuscript. Using the found manuscript, Unamuno strengthens the intended verisimilitude, making the reader...

Characters

11 Hester was tall: C long bland hair

12 Hester had married: A a much older man

13 Hester has to wear: D the rest of her life

14 Mr Dimmesdale was a priest: A shy and sensitive

15 Hester’s daughter: C play with other children

16 Roger Chillingworth was well: D for his knowledge of medicines

17 Pearl was a child: A of many moods

18 Governor Bellingham wanted to: C pearl

19 Roger Chillingworth was the: B medical adviser

20 Mistress Hibbins was the. A sister

Vocabulary

31 a person who works as: B magistrate

32 a high platform where criminals: A scaffold

33 having done nothing: B innocent

34 a long, thin piece of cotton: A thread

35 having done something: C guilty

36 being kind and forgiving: D mercy

Plot

41 The women in the town: C ought to die

42 Hester...