Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Key Terms of the First World War and Russian Revolution

• Archduke: A high-ranking man in the Austrian imperial family.
• Armed peace: A period before the First World War when countries were not fighting but were preparing themselves for war.
• Bolsheviks: Members of the more radical faction resulting from the split in the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1912.
• Bourgeois Revolution: See February Revolution.
• Chancellor: The head of government (prime minister) of Prussia.
• Collectivisation: Taking into public or state ownership.
• February Revolution: The riots and strikes of February 1917 which resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the proclamation of a republic.
• Front: The line or area where opposing armies meet.
• Kaiser: The title given to the

Working-Class Political Movements

Differences between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

Industrial Working Conditions

• Dangerous and unhealthy environments:
  • Unprotected machinery leading to accidents and injuries.
  • 14-16 hour workdays, low wages, and child labor.
  • Prohibition of protests and strikes.
  • Lack of social insurance, benefits, illness coverage, or unemployment support.
  • Employers could dismiss or fine workers without restriction.

The Origins of Working-Class Politics

Poor working conditions led to protests against factory owners, who viewed such actions as detrimental to business profits. The government generally did not support workers.

• 1811, Luddites: An early manifestation of organized protest. Hostile to technology, believing machinery displaced

Legislative Assembly (1791–1792)

Political Parties

• Girondins
• Jacobins
• Sans-culottes

Opposition to New Government

• The royal family.
• Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés.
• Church officials wanted church lands, rights, and privileges restored.
• European monarchs feared the revolution would spread to their own countries.

Growing Radicalism

Reasons:

• Unsatisfied expectations.
• Outbreak of war (France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops).

Results:

• Popular insurrection.
• The Commune took control of Paris.
• Voters began electing representatives for a new Convention which would write a republican constitution for France.

Convention (1792–1795)

Actions and Conflicts

• Established the Republic.
• Abolished the monarchy and executed the King.
• Faced domestic

The Great Depression: Causes and Impact

At the end of the 1920s, a series of problems in the US caused a major economic crisis, known as the Great Depression. This crisis lasted until the end of the 1930s and brought an end to the prosperous, consumer lifestyle of the previous decade.

Problems Leading to the Crisis:

• Overproduction: American industry produced more goods than the population needed. When companies could not sell their products, they went bankrupt and had to close.
• Falling Consumption: When companies closed down, people lost their jobs and stopped spending money. Rising unemployment reduced demand for consumer goods and the raw materials used to make them, leading to more companies going out of business.
• The Wall Street Crash: When

Causes of the First World War

Several factors contributed to the outbreak of the First World War:

European Alliances in 1914

Europe in 1914 was characterized by two major opposing alliances:

• Triple Entente (also known as the Allied Powers): Formed by Great Britain, France, and Russia. They were later joined by Japan, the USA, Greece, Portugal, Serbia, and others.
• Triple Alliance (also known as the Central Powers): Initially formed by Italy, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire later joined them.

Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance, it had a secret agreement with France whereby it would remain neutral in exchange for territories in Africa and Austria. Consequently, when the war began, Italy...

European Imperialism

Before European imperialism, Africa was a vast continent filled with people who took pride in their cultures and controlled their land as they saw fit. Eventually, European countries sought to control as much land as possible. In 1884-1885, 14 nations met at the Berlin Conference to establish rules for dividing Africa. Any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations. No African ruler was invited to this conference. By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free.

Africans began to lose pride in their nations because Europeans demanded more influence and power over the economic, political, and social lives of the people. They also developed day-to-day management of the colonies. Two methods emerged:...

The Execution of Louis XVI

The execution of Louis XVI was proposed. The moderates objected and eventually forced a trial. Louis was accused of conspiring against France by communicating with foreign and émigré armies, and of instigating enemy attacks. Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and, in January 1793, was executed at the guillotine. Months later, in October 1793, Marie Antoinette met the same fate.

The Jacobins' Coup

The sans-culottes stormed the National Convention and accused the Girondins of representing the aristocracy. Robespierre took control of the Convention and installed the Jacobins in power.

In July 1793, some radical Jacobin leaders, including Robespierre, took charge of the Committee of Public Safety and immediately began...

A More Perfect Union, 2008

Classification

• Political speech, delivered in Philadelphia during the contest for the Democratic party presidential nomination.
• An attempt to address tensions between ideals of equal citizenship and freedom expressed in the Constitution, and America's history of slavery and segregation.

Authorship

• Barack Hussein Obama (1961)
• The first African American to become President of the United States of America.
• Son of a Kenyan man and a woman from Kansas, raised by his grandparents.
• From 1997 to 2004, he was a Democratic Senator for Illinois.
• In 2009, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Context

• 2008 Primaries for the Democratic Candidacy were held.
• During the former President George W. Bush's administration, he had become increasingly unpopular

1 - War and Revolution (1914-23)

1870-1914 Period of uneasy peace in Europe. Rivalries continued between countries, resulting in two main alliances.

In July 1914, World War I began, with the two alliances fighting against each other.

Industry reconverted to manufacture weapons and military equipment.

Society also changed due to the war. Women began to work in factories while men fought in the war.

2.1. The Causes of the War

• Tension during the uneasy peace.
• Rivalries to recover territories, for example, France over Alsace-Lorraine against Germany, or the Balkan crisis between Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• Economic rivalries, above all between Great Britain (former industrial power) and Germany (current), which led to a hard fight to control

Key Military and Wartime Definitions

• Blockade: The isolating or surrounding of a place by troops to prevent enemies' attack.
• Treaty: A formal agreement between two or more countries.
• Armistice: An agreement to stop a war.
• Rationing: A fixed allowance of provisions and food during a shortage.
• Conscription: To draft for military or naval service.

Reference code: 2.edcbghaf.

The Schlieffen Plan and Its Failure

Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed

• The Belgian army fought well.
• The Germans had an error in their plans.
• Russia mobilized sooner than expected.

Strategic Objectives of the Plan

The Schlieffen Plan was designed as a devastating attack on France via Belgium as soon as Russia had announced her intention to mobilize. It involved a holding operation on the Russian/...